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GIFT  OF 


PROGKESSIYE  STUDIES 
IN  ENGLISH 


BY 
FRANCES  EPPINGERr-RAYMOND 

GRADUATE    AND    POST-GRADUATE,   COOK    COUNTY    NORMAL    SCHOOL,   CHICAGO; 

CRITIC  TEACHER  AND  CURATOR,  CHICAGO  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  1900-1,  1901-2  ; 

FORMERLY    A    MEMBER  OF   THE    FACULTY    OF   CHICAGO    INSTITUTE 

(SCHOOL  OF  EDUCATION,  UNIVERSITY   OF   CHICAGO);  MEMBER 

OF'THE    FACULTY,   GREGG   SCHOOL,   CHICAGO 


CHICAGO 

THE  GREGG  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

57  Washington  Street 

1903 


Copyright,  1903,  by  John  R.  Gregg 


■  \  .V  ^ 


R.  DONNELLEY  &  SONS  COMPANY 
CHICAGO 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Language  --------  1 

Nouns              -            -            -            -            -            -            -  3 

Number     ..------  8 

Gender            ...-..-  13 

The  Sentence     -           -           -           -           -           -           -  15 

Adjectives     -------  18 

Articles    --------  19 

Predicate       -------  24 

Verbs         ----.--.  24 

Mode    -           -           -           -           ...           .  32 

Participles          -           -           -           -           -           -  39 

Tense  --------  44 

Verbs,  Regular  and  Irregular         -           -           -           -  50 

Personal  Pronouns             .....  56 

Conjugation        ---...-  64 

Adverbs          ._.-...  74 

preposition3       -           -           -           -           -           -           -  80 

Conjunctions             ......  87 

Interjections      -           -           -           -           -           -           -  89 

Case     --------  92 

Common  Errors  in   English  (Compiled  from  Reports 

Sent  in  by  Schools)     -           -           -           .           .  107 

Appendix — Practice  Work      -           -           .           -           -  m 


r^  JM    M  y^  jTxM 


PREFACE. 

This  book  is  a  text-book  written  for  learners,  not  for 
the  learned.  It  is  suggestive  only,  and  is  so  planned 
that  the  teacher  shall  not  be  hampered  by  excessive  de- 
mands on  his  limited  time,  or  the  student  prevented 
from  taking  the  initiative. 

The  student  comes  to  us  with  habits  formed,  and  it  is 
our  function  as  teachers  to  prove  to  him  by  example  and 
rule  that  his  oral  or  written  speech  is  poorly  constructed, 
and  that  there  is  a  right  way  to  build  language,  even  as 
there  is  a  right  way  to  build  a  house. 

Experience  proves  that  the  fundamentals  are  overlooked 
and  crowded  out  in  the  usual  text-book.  Too  much  time 
is  given  to  the  ornamentation,  and  too  little  to  the  founda- 
tion, hence  we  have  not  tried  to  build  a  literary  style 
until  we  have  laid  the  foundation  of  established  facts  or 
principles. 

This  book  has  been  compiled  in  harmony  with  the  spirit 
of  the  times,  which  demands  directness,  compactness,  and 
brevity. 

We  have  been  assisted  in  the  preparation  of  this  work 
by  Minnie  Drouillard  Stockwell,  Lewis-Champlin 
School,  Chicago,  to  whom  we  make  grateful  and  public 
acknowledgment  of  her  valuable  co-operation. 


vi  PREFACE. 

Our  desk  has  been  for  many  years  the  home  of  the  best 
text-books,  and  we  have  made  daily  use  of  them  in  our 
school  room  until  much  of  their  contents  has  become  a 
part  of  our  intellectual  life  and  power.  It  is  probable 
that  we  have  used  in  this  book  a  thought,  a  sentence,  a 
paragraph,  without  formal  recognition,  and  our  excuse  is, 
that  we  have  written  from  a  memory  stored  with  the 
wealth  of  many  writers.  To  all  those  who  have  so  assisted 
us  and  our  students  we  acknowledge  our  indebtedness  and 
extend  our  thanks. 

We  beg  the  privilege  of  acknowledging  a  special  indebt- 
edness to  the  authors  of  "Graham's  English  Synonyms," 
"New  Practical  Grammar  and  Correspondence,"  "Williams' 
New  England  Grammar,"  "Everyday  English,"  "Buehler's 
Practical  Exercises  in  English,"  "Essentials  of  Grammar," 
"Metcalfs  Grammar,"  "Collar  and  Daniell's  First  Year  in 
Latin,"  "Maxwell's  Grammar,"  "Essentials  of  English," 
"Correct  English,"  "Plain  English." 

THE  AUTHOR 
Chicago,  June  8, 1903. 


PROGRESSIVE    STUDIES    IN 
ENGLISH. 


THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 

Give  me  of  every  language,  first  my  vigorous  English 
Stored  with  imported  wealth,  rich  in  its  natural  mines; 
Grand  in  its  rhythmical  cadence,  simple  for  household  employ- 
ment; 
Worthy  the  poet's  song,  fit  for  the  speech  of  a  man; 
Fitted  for  every  use,  like  a  great  majestical  river. 
Blending  thy  various  streams,  stately  thou  flowest  along, 
Bearing  the  white-winged  ship  of  Poesy  over  thy  bosom. 
Laden  with  spices  that  come  out  of  the  tropical  isles, 
Fancy's  pleasuring  yacht  with  its  bright  and  fluttering  pennons, 
Logic's  frigates  of  war  and  the  toil-worn  barges  of  trade. 
How  art  thou  freely  obedient  unto  the  poet  or  speaker. 
When,  in  a  happy  hour,  thought  into  speech  he  translates; 
Caught  on  the  word's  sharp  angles  flash  the  bright  hues  of  his 

fancy, 
Grandly  the  thought  rides  the  words,  as  a  good  horseman  his 
steed.  — W.  W.  Story. 


CHAPTER  L 

LANGUAGE. 

1.  The  true  function  of  language  is  to  com- 
municate thought.    The  function  of  grammar 

is  to  indicate  those  forms  of  language  by  which  thought 
is  most  clearly  expressed. 

2.  Use  is   the   law  of  language,  and   usage 


Function 


regulates    the   grammatical    construction   of 
sentences.     The  careful  use  of  correct  forms  will  preserve 


2  PROGEESSiyE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

language  in  its  purity.    Each  of  us  should  be  the  guardian 
of  correct  speech.    . 

3.  Before  we  can  master  any  art,  we  must  first  under- 
stand not  only  the  rules  and  principles,  hut  also  their 
proper  application.  It  is  utterly  useless  to  learn  rules 
unless  we  learn  to  apply  them, 

_.     ^      r      4.   All  the  words  in  the   English  language 
Parts  of  ...  ^.  ^    ^ 

Snpprh        ^^^  classified  into  divisions  which  are  called 

PAETS  OF  SPEECH.     The  usc  that  is  made  of 

any  particular  word  determines   the  part  of  speech  to 

which  it  belongs. 

5.    A  PART  OF  SPEECH  is  a  word  having  one 
limited  and  definable  office  in  speech  or  in 
the  practical  use  of  language.     There  are  eight  parts  of 
speech,  all  of  which  we  shall  consider  as  they  grow  nat- 
urally out  of  the  day's  doings  and  our  needs  and  interests. 


CHAPTER  11.  / 

NOUNS. 

6.  The  basis  of  every  thought  is  a  mental 
picture;  the  central  object  in  the  picture  is 

either  a  person,  place,  or  thing.  The  word  used  to  name 
the  person,  place,  or  tiling  is  a  noun. 

7.  The  spoken  word  "horse"  calls  up  in  the 
mind    of    each  of   you  a  particular   picture, 

differing  from  that  in  the  mind  of  every  other  person; 
but  the  central  object  in  each  picture  would  be  the  same. 
This  name- word,  "horse,"  is  common  to  each  of  a  class 
of  objects,  and  is  therefore  a  common  noun. 

8.  But  if  I  should  say  "Black  Beauty,"  nam- 
^             ing  a  particular  horse  well  known  to  each  of 

you,  although  you  might  have  mental  pictures  differing 
in  detail  each  from  the  other,  yet  the  image  of  the  horse 
would  remain  the  same  "Black  Beauty."  When  a  par- 
ticular name  of  a  person,  place,  or  thing  is  used,  the  word 

is  a  PKOPER    NOUN. 

9.  If  I  call  up  the  mental  picture  of  a  great 

Collective     .  .  i.-  i,  i  x?  i 

plam  on  which  are  several  groups  of  horses, 

I  speak  of  each  group   as   a  "drove";    of   a   number  of 

sheep  as  a  "flock";   of  a  collection  of  ships  as  a  "fleet"; 


e 


4  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

of  a  mass  of  people  as  a  "crowd."     These  group-names  are 

COLLECTIVE    NOUNS. 

10.  In  my  mental  picture  of  a  horse  I  may- 
Verbal               1         •         ^-  1 

see  him  m  action  as  running,  jumping,  leap- 
ing, trotting,  kicking,  biting,  eating.  These  names  of 
actions  are  verbal  nouns. 

11.  The  various  mental  pictures  of  the  horse 
are  distinguished  by  some  quality  or  charac- 
teristic, as  strength,  height,  gentleness,  swiftness,  docility; 
these  words  are  abstract  nouns.  These  are  abstract 
nouns  because  they  name  something  abstracted  from  the 
object. 

12.   A  NOUN  is   a  word    used   as   the 

Recapitulation  ,  .  ^t  •        i. 

^  name  or  a  person,  place,  or  thing :  horse, 

Chicago,  Black  Beauty. 

a,  A  COMMON  NOUN  is  the  name  that  may  be  applied 
to  any  one  of  a  class  of  objects:  boy,  town,  year. 

h.  A  proper  noun  is  the  particular  name  of  a  person, 
place,  or  thing:  Lucia,  Peru,  April. 

c.  A  collective  noun  is  a  name  applied  to  a  group  of 
objects:  family,  school,  committee. 

d.  A  VERBAL  NOUN  is  the  name  of  an  action:  leaping, 
standing,  eating,  seeing. 

e.  An  ABSTRACT  NOUN  is  the  name  of  a  quality  or 
condition:  weakness,  kindness,  poverty. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


13.       [NAME    THE    N0U:NS,    AXD    CLASS    TO    AVHICH 
EACH   BELONGS: 

1.  The  Hudson  is  an  important  river  of  New  York. 

2.  The  river  was  deepened  by  dredging.  * 

3.  England  has  the  largest  merchant  marine  in  the  world. 

4.  Her  strength  lies  in  her  navy. 

5.  Her  ships  number  seven  thousand  six  hundred  and  fifty- 
four. 

6.  The  growth  of  America's  industries  has  been  enormous. 

7.  Crowds  of  immigrants  reach  New  York  daily. 

8.  The  singing  of  the  nightingale  is  a  great  treat. 

9.  The  Spanish  Armada  was  the  most  famous  fleet  in  history. 

10.  The  roaring  of  Victoria  Falls,  on  the  Zambesi  River,  in 
Africa,  is  heard  at  a  great  distance. 

11.  The  ingenuity  of  Scotch  operatives  is  well  known. 

12.  James  Watt  invented  the  steam-engine. 

13.  Clark's  and  Coats'  thread  are  manufactured  at  Greenock, 
Scotland. 

14.  Thoughtfulness  and  gentleness  are  stored  away  with  heed- 
lessness in  a  noisy  boy. 

15.  The  supplying  of  Glasgow  with  water  from  Loch  Katrine 
was  a  great  feat. 

16.  The  length  of  the  conduit  was  twenty-six  miles. 

17.  The  beauty  and  romance  of  Lake  Katrine  have  been  sung 
in  poetry  and  prose. 

18.  It  is  the  scene  of  "  The  Lady  of  the  Lake." 

19.  This  picture  is  based  on  truth. 

20.  The  poverty  of  the  miners  is  their  weakness  in  the  social 
strife. 

21.  Francis  E.  Clark  organized  the  first  Society  of  Christian 
Endeavor. 

22.  The  uprising  of  the  Boxers  in  China  occasioned  the  death 
of  the  German  minister. 

23.  The  committee  made  an  unfavorable  report. 


6  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES   IN  ENGLISH. 

24.  The  honesty  of  Cyrus  W.  Field  won  for  him  the  respect  of 
his  countrymen. 

25.  The  Epworth  League  takes  its  name  from  tlie  home  of 
John  Wesley,  the  founder  of  Methodism. 

26.  The  teaching  of  the  deaf  was  begun  by  Dr.  Samuel  Howe. 

27.  Nursing  was  ennobled  by  Florence  Nightingale. 

28.  The  bravery  of  the  '-Light  Brigade"  was  sung  by  Lord 
Tennyson. 

29.  A  covey  of  quail  hid  in  the  tall  grass. 

30.  Goodness  and  intelligence  were  the  characteristics  of  the 
first  trained  nurse,  Florence  Nightingale. 

31.  The  simplicity  of  Abraham  Lincoln  was  an  element  in  the 
grandeur  of  his  character. 

32.  The  congregation  listened  with  delight  to  the  preacher's 
eloquence. 

33.  Patriotism  does  not  always  advocate  peace. 

34.  The  joy  of  acquiring  knowledge  is  a  compensation  for  the 
necessary  labor. 

35.  Lincoln's  education  was  obtained  by  the  reading  of  good 
books. 

36.  Adversity  overcome  brings  success. 

37.  The  choir  sang  "  Elijah." 

38.  Diligence  is  the  mother  of  good  fortune. 

39.  The  fruit  of  the  Spirit  is  love,  joy,  peace,  long-suffering, 
gentleness,  goodness,  meekness,  faith,  and  self-control. 

40.  The  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers  passed  a  resolu- 
tion commending  the  action  of  the  Association. 

41.  The  innocence  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  is  a  debated  ques- 
tion. 

42.  The  Tissot  collection  of  pictures  was  shown  in  the  Art 
Institute. 

43.  The  brachen  of  Scotland  blooms  in  January. 

44.  An  organization  of  box-makers  went  on  a  strike. 

45.  The  turning  of  the  bridge  delayed  the  passengers. 

46.  A  multitude  of  people  attend  the  Derby  each  year. 

47.  Health,  strength,  and  prosperity  are  blessings. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  7 

48.  A  school  of  fish  was  seen  by  the  sailors. 

49.  Company  F  was  in  Sherman's  famous  march  to  the  sea. 

50.  The  doing  of  that  brave  deed  cost  his  life. 

51.  The  laying  of  the  Atlantic  cable  required  years  of  strenuous 
work  and  unswerving  perseverance. 

52.  The  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  Rock  changed  the 
history  of  America. 

53.  I  saw  a  flock  of  seven  thousand  sheep  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

54.  The  intelligent  have  a  right  over  the  ignorant. 

55.  A  brigade  of  soldiers  sweltered  on  the  velts  of  South  Africa. 

56.  A  party  of  Burghers  watched  them  in  stolid  wonder. 

57.  The  synod  voted  for  a  revision  of  the  creed. 

58.  The  Century  Club  of  New  York  is  composed  of  distin- 
guished men. 

59.  The  army  of  Napoleon  was  noted  for  its  loyalty. 

60.  The  Convention  nominated  General  U.  S.  Grant  for  presi- 
dent. 

61.  General  Custer's  detachment  was  surprised  and  killed  by  a 
band  of  Indians. 

62.  Avoid  petulancy  and  nervousness  if  you  desire  commenda- 
tion. 


CHAPTEE  III. 

NUMBEE. 
14.    In  my  mental  picture  I  may  have  the 
image  of  one  horse;    in  a  second  picture  I 
may  see  two  or  more :  this  variation  of  form  to  indicate 
one,  or  more  than  one,  is  number. 

Singular  number  means  one.  Plural  number  means 
more  than  one. 

15.     RULES  FOR  FORMING  THE  PLURAL  OF  NOUNS. 

P    -        -       a.   Most  nouns  form  the  plural  by  adding  s  to 
Plural  ^^  singular;  as,  horse,  horses. 

h.  Nouns  ending  in  a  hissing  sound,  as  5, 
ch,  sh,  z,  form  the  plural  by  adding  es  to  the  singular: 
hiss,  hisses;  latch,  latches;  sash,  sashes;  adz,  adzes. 

c.  Nouns  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  consonant  change 
y  into  i  and  add  es:  jelly,  jellies;  sky,  skies. 

d.  Nouns  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  vowel  do  not 
change  their  form :  valley,  valleys;  chimney,  chimneys. 

e.  Nouns  ending  in  o  preceded  by  a  consonant  usually 
form  their  plural  by  adding  es;  as,  tomato,  tomatoes ;  cargo, 
cargoes. 

/.  Nouns  ending  in  o  preceded  by  a  vowel  form  their 
plural  by  adding  s:  studio,  studios;  cameo,  cameos;  nun- 
cio, nuncios. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


g.  CompouDd  words  are  made  plural  by  pluralizing  the 
principal  word  in  the  compound;  as,  father-in-law,  fathers- 
in-law;  attorney-at-law,  attorney s-at-law. 

h.  Letters  and  figures  are  made  plural  by  adding  an 
apostrophe  and  s;  as,  A's,  2's. 

i.  Some  nouns  have  two  plurals  that  differ  in  meaning : 
brothers  (same  family)  brethren  (same  society) 

cloths      (kind  of  cloth)  clothes    (garments) 

shots       (number  of  times  fired)  shot 
dies         (stamps) 
fishes      (individuals) 
geniuses  (men  of  genius) 
heads      (of  bodies) 
indexes  (table  of  contents) 
pennies   (pieces  of  money) 
sails         (pieces  of  canvas) 
peas         (individually) 

y.  Some  nouns  are  always  singular  in  form;  as,  deer, 
pear,  sheep,  grouse. 

k.  Some  nouns  are  always  plural  in  form;  as,  scissors, 
news,  politics,  molasses. 

I.  Many  nouns  form  the  plural  irregularly;  as,  man, 
men ;  goese,  geese ;  woman,  women. 

m.  Nouns  of  foreign  origin  have  a  peculiar  number 
form,  as: 

crisis  crises 

desideratum  desiderata 

nebula  nebulae 


shot 

(number  of  balls) 

dice 

(small  cubes) 

fish 

(quantity) 

genii 

(spirits) 

head 

(cattle) 

indices 

(algebraic  signs) 

pence 

(value  in  pennies) 

sail 

(vessels) 

pease 

(collectively) 

10 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


memorandum 

memoranda 

beau 

beaux 

thesis 

theses 

stratum    ' 

strata 

seraph 

seraphim 

datum 

data 

erratum 

errata 

synopsis 

synopses 

alumnus 

alumni 

radius 

radii 

amanuensis 

amanuenses 

analysis 

analyses 

axis 

axes 

basis 

bases 

ellipsis 

ellipses 

hypothesis 

hypotheses 

metamorphosis 

metamorphoses 

oasis 

oases 

synthesis 

syntheses 

parenthesis 

parentheses 

Some  nouns  ending  in  /  and  some  ending  in  fe,  form 
their  plurals  by  changing/  to  v  and  adding  es;  as,  beef, 
beeves;  half,  halves;  self,  selves;  thief,  thieves;  knife, 
knives. 

Most  nouns  in  /  and  fe  form  their  plurals  regularly; 
as,  beliefs,  dwarfs,  proofs,  safes,  mischiefs. 

All  nouns  in  ff  form  their  plurals  regularly :  bluffs, 
cliffs,  muffs. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


11 


16.  FORM  THE  PLURAL  OF  THE  NOUNS  IN  THIS  LIST. 


vortex 

theory 

country 

radius 

lunch 

whiflf 

gulf 

axe 

aide-de-camp 

lady 

beef 

embargo 

match 

2 

goose-quill 

fairy 

hanger-on 

gas 

dwarf 

folio 

quality 

staff 

donkey 

muff 

lily 

loaf 

guy 

proof 

sex 

brush 

watch 

T 

piano 

bench 

hero 

man-of-war 

valley 

index 

relay 

canto 

grief 

salvo 

coach 

daisy 

monkey 

handkerchief 

lash 

sister-in-law 

bay 

army 

money 

penalty 

trio 

knight-templar 

march 

porch 

peach 

wife 

key 

grotto 

ally 

life 

turkey 

roach 

hoof 

bunch 

octavo 

proviso 

roof 

son-in-law 

patch 

volcano 

gash 

journey 

man-servant 

ditch 

wharf 

inch 

vanity 

catch 

reproof 

spy 

glass 

chief 

cameo 

duodecimo 

day 

attorney-at  law 

court-martial 

industry 

memento 

torso 

belfry 

duty 

billet-doux 

fox 

company 

fly 

beauty 

12 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


chimney 

cherry 

X 

I 

potato 

lasso 

bravado 

study 

fish 

county 

motto 

halo 

mulatto 

story 

quarto 

scarf 

mosquito 

brief 

calico 

m}  stery 

tyro 

reef 

portico 

junto 

tornado 

forty 

solo 

cuff 

negro 

zero 

toy 

sympathy 

cargo 

penny 

echo 

box 

domino 

glory 

leaf 

city 

topaz 

mouse 

buffalo 

fancy 

foot 

Madam 

Mr. 

Miss 

fiistory 

countryman 

society 

layman 

library 

century 

alumnus 

Beaux-Arts 

chorus 

species 

intaglio 

Zulu 

workman 

vagary 

paradox 

trolley 

jockey 

cartridge-box 

CHAPTER  IV. 


Gender 

nor  female. 


Masculine 


Feminine 


GENDEE. 

17.  The  central  object  in  my  mental  picture 
may  be  either  male  or  female,  or  neither  male 

18.  The  MASCULINE  GENDER  names  the  ob- 
jects of  the  male  sex. 

19.  The  FEMININE  GENDER  names  the  objects 
of  the  female  sex. 


20.    The  masculine  gender  is  distinguished  from  the 
feminine  in  three  ways : 
a.   Different  words: 


man 

woman 

father 

mother 

uncle 

aunt 

drake 

duck 

king 

queen 

lord 

lady 

earl 

countess 

husband 

wife 

son 

daughter 

sir 

madam 

gander 

goose 

brother 

sister 

ram" 

ewe 

monk 

nun 

boy 

girl 

nephew 

niece 

wizard 

witch 

bachelor 

spinster 

h.  Prefixing  or  affixing  distinguishing  words:  man- 
servant, maid-servant ;  he-goat,  she-goat ;  sales-man,  sales- 
woman. 

13 


14  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

c.    Different  endings:     lion,  lioness ;  emperor,  empress; 

actor,  actress;   prophet,  prophetess;    Jew,  Jewess;    heir, 

heiress ;  host,  hostess ;  patron,  patroness. 

Note. — There  are  certain  words  derived  from  the  Latin  which 
do  not  come  under  any  of  the  above  rules;  as,  executor,  executrix; 
testator,  testatrix. 

21.    Common  gender   names   objects  which 
are  either  male  or  female.    Examples:  child; 


Common 

parent. 
Neuter 


22.   Neuter  gender  names  objects  of  no  sex, 
or  without  life.     Examples:    desk;  table. 

23.    A  PERSONIFIED  NOUN  names  an  inan- 

e     ^jj^^i^g  being,  and  speaks  of  it  as  if  it  pos- 

sessed  life;   as:      The    sun    moves    on    his 

mighty  course.     The  moon  sheds  her  beams  on  the  quiet 

town.     The  ship  lost  her  anchor. 

24.  When  a  singular  noun  is  used  to  imply  persons  of 
both  sexes  we  use  the  masculine  gender. 

A  collective  noun  is  in  the  neuter  gender  unless  the 
individuals  composing  it  are  meant. 

25.   COPY  THE  FOLLOWINCx  MASCULINE  NOUNS  AND 
ADD  THE  FEMININE. 


sir 

tiger 

gentleman 

widower 

youth 

male 

bachelor 

emperor 

monk 

bridegroom 

drake 

negro 

earl 

lord 

nephew 

duke 

hero 

son 

CHAPTER  V. 

SENTENCE. 

^  26.    I  may  wish  to  speak  of  the  central  ob- 

Sentence    ■    ,    ,  ,  i     •  . 

ject  01  my  mental  picture  as  m  action,  'or  as 

in  repose,  or  I  may  desire  to  assert  some  quality  pertain- 
ing to  it.  Examples :  The  horse  runs.  The  horse  stands. 
The  horse  is  gentle. 

In  order  to  express  this  action,  this  repose,  this  quality, 
etc.,  I  must  use  certain  words  which  supplement  and  com- 
plete  the   mental   picture.     This  group    of  words   is    a 

SENTENCE. 

^     ^  27.   To  state  or  declare  something  about 

Declarative     ,,  ^    i     i.-    i.  t 

the  central  object  1  use  a  declarative 

SENTENCE.     Example:  The  river  overflows  its  banks. 

28.  To  ask  a  question  I  use  an  interrog- 
n  erroga  ive^^^^^    sentence.     Example :    Has   John 

returned  from  New  York? 

29.  To  express  a  command  or  entreaty  I 
use  an  imperat 

Shut  the  door.     Listen  to  me. 


Imperative  t- 

*^  use  an  imperative  sentence.     Examples: 


_      ,  30.    To    express    surprise    or   any   strong 

Exclamatory        ^.      -.  ^  *^  *" 

•^  emotion  i  use  an  exclamatory  sentence. 

Examples :  Alas !     I  shall  perish !     How  kind  you  are ! 

15 


16  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

31.    The  words  representing  the  central  object 
of  my  mental  picture,  with  its  modifiers,  is 
the  SUBJECT  of  the  sentence. 

,^    ,.^  32.    A  MODIFIER  is  a  word  or  a  group  of  words 

Modifiers        .  .        ..  .    i     i  •    .    •  .  ^ 

makmg    the    central    object   m    my    mental 

picture  more  complete.     Examples:  The  tall  man.     The 

tall  man  from  Chicago.     The  tall  man  from  Chicago,  who 

carried  the  flowers. 

33.    NAME  THE  KIND    OF    SENTENCE.      UNDERLINE 
THE  SUBJECT. 

1.  Hondo  is  the  largest  island  of  Japan. 

2.  Come  unto  me  all  ye  that  labor  and  are  heavy  laden. 

3.  Commodore  Perry  opened  Japan  to  foreigners  in  1854. 
.  4.  Is  the  Pacific  cable  completed  to  Japan? 

5.  Japan  produces  raw  silk  in  great  quantities. 

6.  Study  your  lesson  diligently. 

7.  The  ship  sails  gayly  over  the  bright  blue  sea. 

8.  Could  Japan  cope  with  Russia? 

9.  Rice  is  the  chief  food  of  the  Japanese. 

10.  Who  was  Confucius? 

11.  Japan  took  Formosa  from  China  in  1894. 

12.  How  many  are  greedy  of  public  applause  ! 

13.  Porto  Rico  is  a  valuable  acquisition. 

14.  Launch  out  into  the  deep  and  let  down  your  net  for  a 
draught. 

15.  Formosa  is  famous  for  the  production  of  tea  and  camphor. 

16.  Suffer  the  little  children  to  come  unto  me  and  forbid  them 
not. 

17.  The  mulberry  is  an  important  tree  of  eastern  Asia. 

18.  Its  leaves  furnish  food  for  the  silk-worm. 

19.  Neglect  no  opportunity  of  doing  good 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  17 

20.  His  mate  feels  the  eggs  beneath  her  wings,  and  the  heart 
in  her  dumb  breast  flutters  and  sings.  He  sings  to  the  wide  world, 
and  she  to  her  nest — in  the  nice  ear  of  Nature  which  song  is  the 
best? 

21.  The  bamboo  is  an  extremely  graceful  tree. 

22.  Where  is  the  true  man's  fatherland? 

23.  Strive  to  enter  in  at  the  strait  gate. 

24.  Tokio  is  the  capital  of  Japan. 

25.  Oh,  Superstition!  what  evils  follow  in  your  train.  Alas! 
Thy  victims  are  often  found  among  the  helpless  little  ones. 

26.  The  summer  monsoons  bring  life  and  joy  to  southern  Asia. 

27.  Chinese  homes  are  bare  and  comfortless. 

28.  The  furniture  consists  of  a  brick  bed  and  a  furnace. 

29.  Who  wrote  the  Emancipation  Proclamation? 

30.  Oh!  lost  hours  and  days  in  which  we  might  have  been 
happy. 

31.  Nobleness  enkindleth  nobleness. 

32.  Lo !  as  he  turned  to  depart  Priscilla  stood  beside  him. 

33.  The  Grand  Canal  connects  the  Yellow  and  Yangtse  rivers. 

34.  Are  not  these  green  nooks  empty  of  misfortune? 

35.  Loess  is  a  fine  clay. 

36.  It  was  made  by  a  glacier  passing  over  the  plateau  of  Thibet. 

37.  The  wind  and  the  rivers  carried  it  to  the  lowlands  of  China. 

38.  It  is  a  fertile  soil. 

39.  Oh!  Cromwell,  we  are  fallen  on  evil  times! 

40.  The  Yellow  River  has  built  the  northern  part  of  the  plain 
of  China. 

41.  This  river  has  changed  its  course  eleven  times. 

42.  Bright  star !  would  I  were  steadfast  as  thou  art. 

43.  Hark !     For  the  message  cometh  from  the  king. 

44.  A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  forever. 

45.  Hark!  what  dreadful  sound  is  that? 

46.  God  sends  his  teachers  unto  every  age,  to  every  clime  and 
every  race  of  men. 

47.  King  Alfred  was  a  sublime  character. 

48.  Julius  Caesar  conquered  England  50  B.  C. 


CHAPTER  VL 

ADJECTIVES. 

34.    The  words  used  to  point  out  or  to  make 
^        ^      more  complete  the  central  object  of  my  men- 
tal picture  are  adjectives. 

35.  The  words  that  express  qualities  are 
Descriptive  ^^^led  descriptive  adjectives  or  qualify- 
ing ADJECTIVES.  Examples:  A  red  sunset.  A  sweet 
apple.     A  young  girl. 

36.  Adjectives  not  only  express  quality,  but 
JMumera  i^^mber.  These  latter  are  called  numeral 
ADJECTIVES.     Examples:    Two  houses.     So7ne  pupils. 

37.  Certain  adjectives  are  used  to  point  out 
^      objects  without  describing  them.     These  are 

called'  DEFINITIVE    ADJECTIVES.      Examples:     This   man. 
Yonder  house.     The  horse. 

38.  Some  adjectives  are  derived  from  proper 
proper  nouns.  These  are  called  proper  adjectives. 
They  must  always  begin  with  a  capital.  Examples: 
The  American  people;  she  had  an  Indian  basket;  the 
Philippine  question. 

18 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  19 

ARTICLES. 

39.  The  words   a,  an,  and  the,  when  used 
before    nouns    to   limit    their   meaning,   are 

called  ARTICLES. 

These   words   are  classed  as  adjectives  because,  like 
adjectives,  they  are  used  as  modifiers  of  nouns. 

40.  A  and  an,  two  forms  of  the  same  word, 
"  ^  ^^  ^    are   called   the    indefinite    article.     They 

point  out,  indefinitely,  the  object  named  by  the  noun. 
Examples:    A  man.     An  apple. 

41.  The  is  called  the  definite  article  be- 
cause it  points  out  an  object  somewhat  defi- 
nitely.    Example:   John  is  the  boy  I  prefer. 

42.    A  quality  in  one  object  may  be  com- 

^  pared  with  the  same  quality  in  a  second 

and  a  third  object,  thus  expressing  degrees  of  quality. 

Examples:     Ralph    has    a   sweet   apple.      Robert   has    a 

sweeter  apple.     Frances  has  the  sweetest  apple. 

43.    The  first  degree  of  comparison  is  called 
^  POSITIVE,  the  second  comparative,  the  third 

SUPERLATIVE. 

44.    The   COMPARATIVE    degree  is    formed 
^  by  adding  er  to  the  positive  or  by  prefix- 

ing more  or  less.     Examples:    light,  lighter;    beautiful, 
more  beautiful;  cheerful,  less  cheerful. 


20 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


45.  The  COMPAKATIVE  DEGREE  may  be  used  only  in 
comparing  two  persons  or  things.  Examples:  Lucia  is 
taller  than  Margaret.    This  book  is  larger  than  that  book. 

.         46.   The  SUPERLATIVE  degree  is  formed  by 
^  adding  est  to  the  positive  or  prefixing  most 

or  least.     Examples:   tall,  tdllest;    extravagant,  most  ex- 
travagant; frightful,  least  frightful. 

47.  The  SUPERLATIVE  degree  may  be  used  only  in  com- 
paring more  than  two  persons  or  things.  Examples: 
Jeannette  is  the  smallest  girl  in  school.  The  Himalayas 
are  the  highest  mountains  in  the  world. 

48.    A  few  adjectives  have  no  regular  form 


lilC^Ulrti        ^^ 

comparison. 

These  are  in  very 

common 

use  and  must  be  learned : 

Examples : 

good   1  , 

^   ,,     \  better 

well    j 

best 

many  ) 
much  I 

more 

most 

j  later 
( latter 

latest 
last 

near 

nearer   I 

nearest 
next 

bad     ^ 

far 

farther 

farthest 

evil     y  worse 

worst 

old      \ 

1 

[  older 

oldest 

ill    J 

[  elder 

eldest 

little       less 

least 

forth 

further 

furthest 

Some  adjectives  do  not  admit  of  comparison:  square, 
first,  all,  infinite. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  21 

49.  SELECT  ALL  THE  ADJECTIVES.  TELL  WHY  THEY 
ARE  ADJECTIVES.  TELL  HOW  EACH  DESCRIBES 
OR  LIMITS  THE  NOUN  TO  WHICH  IT  REFERS. 
NAME  CLASS  TO  WHICH  EACH  BELONGS  AND 
THE    DEGREE    OF    COMPARISON. 

,  1.  American  cotton  has  the  longest  staple. 

2.  Two  small  islands  of  Japan  produce  the  most  tea. 

3.  Ezo,  the  most  northern  island  of  Japan,  contains  the  great- 
est amount  of  coal. 

4.  Those  three  dark-eyed  savages  live  in  yonder  wretched  hut. 

5.  The  largest  cotton  crop  in  the  world  is  produced  in  China. 

6.  She  buys  immense  quantities  from  us. 

7.  The  beautiful  green  field  bordered  the  river  bank. 

8.  The  loftiest,  loneliest  region  in  the  world  is  the  cheerless 
plateau  of  Thibet. 

9.  A  sacred  burden  is  this  life. 

10.  A  foolish  son  is  the  heaviness  of  his  mother. 

11.  A  gracious  woman  retaineth  honor  and  strong  men  retain 
riches. 

12.  The  sweet  children  play  in  the  fragrant  orchard. 

13.  This  ploughed  field   will  bloom  with  many  varieties  of 
exquisite  roses. 

14.  Dutch  cheeses  are  the  favorite  relish  of  English  epicures. 

15.  Some  parts  of  Finland  are  covered  with  virgin  forest. 

16.  Few  of  the  older  inhabitants  have  much  education. 

17.  The  elder  brother  was  the  last  member  of  his  family  to 
join  the  little  band  of  pilgrims. 

18.  Forty-two  choice  plants  were  ruined  by  the  frightful  winter 
blast. 

19.  Every  seventh  year  was  held  sacred  by  the  Hebrew  nation. 

20.  Each  German  common  road  is  lined  with  choice  fruit  trees. 

21.  This  unpopular  movement  was  inaugurated  by  the  wisest 
man  of  this  pleasant  village. 

22.  The  prettiest  and  most  considerate  girl  in  the  class  met 
with  a  serious  accident. 


22  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

23.  The  unkind  speech  met  with  angry  response. 

24.  The  snow-topped  peaks  of  the  Himalayas  pour  their  grate- 
ful floods  on  the  parching  plains  of  India. 

25.  The  Sixth  Regiment  of  the  Gordon  Highlanders  held  a 
perilous  position  under  most  distressing  circumstances. 

26.  The  robust  farmer  brought  the  five  squealing  pigs  to  the 
recent  county  fair. 

27.  The  rough  boy  has  become  a  m.ost  polite  gentleman. 

28.  The  fearless  soldier  met  the  frightful  onslaught  with  the 
most  deliberate,  manly  courage. 

29.  The  angry  father  was  appeased  by  the  pathetic  pleading  of 
his  little  son. 

30.  This  particular  man  is  honest,  sincere,  and  discreet. 

31.  The  grotesque  appearance  of  the  cunning  creature  pro- 
voked the  greatest  merriment  in  the  happy  crowd. 

*  32.   The  third  incident  of  that  joyous  day  is  cherished  in  every 
heart. 

33.  The  first  Christian  missionary  in  Alaska  began  her  work  as 
the  only  white  woman  in  that  immense  territory. 

34.  The  genial,  life-giving  Japanese  current  saves  Alaska  from 
the  dreary,  desolate  condition  of  Greenland. 

35.  The  latest  news  from  Morocco  teems  with  evil  tidings. 

36.  The  Alaskan  coast  line  is  longer  than  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  coast  combined. 

37.  This  child  is  more  beautiful  than  her  sister,  but  she  is  the 
smallest  one  in  her  family. 

38.  The  Yukon  River  has  three  thousand  miles  of  navigable 
waters. 

39.  Mount  St.  Elias  is  the  highest  peak  on  the  western  conti- 
nent. 

40.  The  Alaskan  fisheries  are  the  most  extensive  and  produc- 
tive in  America. 

41.  Edith  is  the  better  girl  of  the  two. 

42.  The  Esquimos  are  stolid  and  stupid  dwarfs. 

43.  The  student  received  the  highest  prize  in  the  gift  of  the 
College. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


23 


44.  Will  you  go  to  yonder  house  and  ask  that  man  to  bring 
those  horses? 

45.  The  blue  mountain-bordered  lake  reflected  the  hoary  peaks 
in  its  placid  depths. 

'    46.  The  sparkling,  dancing,  purling  rivulet  is  a  tireless,  inces- 
sant worker. 

47.  The  fifteen  decisive  battles  of  the  world  mark  the  greatest 
epochs  of  history. 

48.  That  distressed  little  child  lives  in  the  Ghetto. 

49.  This  road  is  straighter  than  the  other. 

50.  Omar  is  taller  than  any  other  boy  in  the  class. 

5L.  The  greatest  pleasure  I  know  is  to  do  a  good  action  by 
stealth,  and  to  have  it  found  out  by  accident. 

52.  He  only  is  advancing  in  life  whose  heart  is  getting  softer, 
whose  blood  warmer,  whose  brain  quicker,  whose  spirit  is  entering 
into  living  peace. 

53.  From  the  lowest  depth  there  is  a  path  to  the  loftiest  height. 

54.  A  simple,  guileless,  childlike  man, 
Content  to  live  where  life  began 

50.  CONNECT  EACH  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  WORDS, 
AS  AN  ADJECTIVE,  WITH  TWO  OR  MORE  SUIT- 
ABLE NOUNS,  AND  TELL  OF  EACH  ADJECTIVE 
WHETHER  IT  DENOTES  QUALITY,  NUMBER,  OR 
PLACE : 


rough 

these 

exacting 

vigorous 

good 

sound 

common 

expressive 

rattling 

brave 

shattered 

thick-set 

handsome 

crabbed 

fair 

shaggy 

few 

industrious 

Scottish 

various 

enormous 

gentle 

dingy 

small 

some 

grand 

yonder 

stately 

those 

any 

low 

aged 

opposite 

near 

many 

full-grown 

towering 

narrow 

brown 

more 

showy 

two 

distant 

large 

all 

gloomy 

countless 

diligent 

pleasant 

one 

CHAPTER  VIL 

PEEDICATE. 

51.   What  we  say  of  the  central  obiect  in 

Predicate 

our  mental  picture  is  the  predicate  of  the 

sentence;    this  contains   the   verb,  its    complement    and 
modifiers. 

VEEB. 


52.  A  verb  is  a  word  which  expresses  action, 
state,  or  being.     Examples:    The  girl  jumps 

the  rope.     The  window  is  open.     Girls  are  diligent. 

53.  There  are  two  uses  of  verbs,  transitive 

and  INTRANSITIVE. 


Verb 


Use 


54.    When  the  subject  is  represented  as  act- 
ing upon  some  object,  the  verb  expressing  the 
action   is    transitive,    and    the   word   representing   the 
person  or  thing  which  receives  the  action  is  the  object. 
Example :    The  dog  hit  the  cat. 

55.  An  INTRANSITIVE  VERB  represents  action, 

being,  or  state  not  received  by  any  person 

or  thing.     Examples:    The  boy  walks.     Water  is  a  fluid. 

56.    Intransitive  verbs  that  require  a  complement  are 

called  ATTRIBUTIVE  or  COPULATIVE  VERBS. 

24 


Predicate 
Noun 

Predicate 
Adjective 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  25 

57.  An  ATTRIBUTIVE  VERB  not  only  makes 
IV     ^^  assertion,  but  it  indicates  what  is  asserted 

of  the  subject;  as,  Terror  reigned  =  Terror  is  reigning. 

58.  Copulative  verbs  simply  join  the  sub- 
i^opu  a  ive  j^^^  ^^  some  attribute,  which  is  made  more 
emphatic  by  asserting  it  in  this  way.  Examples :  The  man 
is  a  sailor.     The  man  is  good. 

59.  The  attribute  which  expresses  an  identity 
is  called  the  predicate  noun.  The  man  is 
a  sailor, 

60.  The  attribute  which  expresses  a  quality 
is  called  the  predicate  adjective.  The  man 
is  good. 

61.    The  most  common  incomplete  intransi- 

^.  .      tive  verbs  are   the  followino^:    Be  (is,  am. 
Intransitive  ,  .,  ,    ,  , 

^     ,  are,  was,  were),  seem,  become,  look,  sound, 

appear,  feel,  taste,  smell,  continue,  remain. 

62.  "  The  verb  be  has  a  peculiar  value.  In  the  sentence, '  Tom 
is  industrious,'  the  adjective  industrious  is  what  is  said  of  Tom, 
and  the  verb  is  really  says  nothing;  it  expresses  neither  an  act 
nor  a  state.  Yet  without  the 'is  we  have  no  sentence;  'Tom 
industrious'  makes  no  statement  about  Tom.  Thus  we  arrive  at 
the  true  value  of  be.  It  enables  us  to  make  an  assertion  out  of  a 
noun  or  an  adjective,  though  it  contains  no  meaning  of  itself.  In 
'Tom  works,'  works  is  a  verb,  expressing  an  act;  in  'Tom  is 
industrious,'  is  is  a  verb,  giving  the  form  of  assertion,  but 
asserts  nothing  until  it  is  completed  by  the  word  that  tells  us 
what  Tom  is.  Because  of  its  office  of  connecting  the  subject  with 
the  essential  predicate,  it  is  often  called  the  copula,  and  the  word 
that  completes  the  predicate  is  called  the  complement. 


26  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

"Other  verbs  that  have  this  copulative  function  are  seem, 
become,  and,  sometimes,  many  other  verbs,  such  as  appear,  look, 
feel,  taste,  grow,  turn.  These  verbs  differ  from  he  in  having  a 
certain  meaning  of  their  own,  but  are  like  it  in  requiring  some 
other  word  to  make  a  complete  predicate.  Thus  in  'Arnold 
turned  traitor,'  turned  denotes  action,  but  is  not  complete  with- 
out the  noun  traitor,  and,  in  so  far,  serves  as  copula  between 
Arnold  and  traitor. 

"  The  complement  after  these  verbs  always  refers  to  the  sub-^ 
ject,  and  is  carefully  to  be  distinguished  from  the  object  of  a 
transitive  verb.  In  '  Caesar  was  consul,'  consul  is  not  the  object 
of  was,  for  was  denotes  no  action,  and  can  therefore  have  no 
object.  Nor  is  traitor,  in  the  example  above,  the  object  of  turned, 
for  turned  does  not  here  represent  an  action  as  going  over  to 
anything  else.  The  noun  or  pronoun  complement  after  these 
verbs  is  in  the  same  case  as  the  subject,  the  nominative,  and  is 
therefore  called  the  Predicate  Nominative.  Adjectives  so  used 
are  said  to  be  in  the  predicate  construction,  or  are  called  simply 
Predicate  Adjectives.     The  verb,  of  course,  is  always  intransitive. 

"Some  transitive  verbs  also  take  besides  the  object  a  com- 
plementary noun  or  adjective,  which,  with  the  verb,  gives  a  differ- 
ent meaning  from  that  of  the  simple  verb.  Thus  in  '  He  made  the 
stick  straight,'  we  do  not  mean  that  he  made  the  stick,  but  that 
he  straightened  it.  Stick,  then,  is  the  object,  not  of  made,  but  of 
the  whole  verb-notion  expressed  by  made  and  the  complementary 
adjective  straight.  Similarly  in  '  Your  generosity  makes  all  men 
your  friends,'  men  is  the  object,  not  of  makes,  but  of  makes  your 
friends.  The  complementary  word  in  this  construction  always 
refers  to  the  object;  whence  it  is  called  the  Objective  Complement, 
and,  if  a  noun  or  pronoun,  is  always  in  the  objective  case. 

"Point  out  the  verbs: 

1.  The  window  is  open.  6.  These  apples  are  ripe. 

2.  The  cake  was  brown.  7.   The  soldiers  were  weary. 

3.  The  ground  looks  wet.  8.   Roses  smell  sweet. 

4.  The  dog  seems  lame.  9.   London  is  a  city. 

5.  Shakespere  was  a  poet.       10.  Sugar  tastes  sweet. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES   IN  ENGLISH.  27 

11.  The  trees  were  full  of  fruit.     15.   George  feels  hurt. 

12.  The  wind  is  cold.  16.  His  voice  sounds  harsh. 

13.  The  fire  is  low.  17.  James  grew  worse. 

14.  The  ground  was  hard.  18.  The  sky  became  cloudy." 
— A  School  Grammar  of  the  English  Language,  by  Edward  A .  A  lien. 

63.   A  transitive  verb  whose   subject  repre- 

,,  .  sents  the  doer  of  an  action  is  in  the  active 

Voice 

VOICE.     Example:   The  man  built  the  house. 

^       .  64.    A  transitive  verb  whose  subject  repre- 

Passive 

.  sents  the  person  or  thing  receiving  the  action 

is   in   the   passive   voice.      Example:    The 

house  was  built  by  the  man. 

Intransitive  verbs  have  active  voice  only. 

65.  NAME  THE  VERBS.  TELL  WHETHER  TRAN- 
SITIVE, INTRANSITIVE,  OR  COPULATIVE,  AND 
WHETHER  IN  ACTIVE  OR  PASSIVE  VOICE. 
NAME  PREDICATE  NOUNS,  PREDICATE  ADJEC- 
TIVES,   AND   OBJECTS    OF   VERBS. 

1.  Mencius  was  a  Chinese  sage. 

2.  Columbus  discovered  America  in  1492. 

3.  The  sewing-machine  was  invented  by  Elias  Howe. 

4.  Rubber  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  commercial  products. 

5.  Charles  Goodyear  discovered  the  method  of  vulcanizing 
rubber. 

6.  The  first  steamboat  was  built  by  Robert  Fulton  in  1807. 

7.  Reading  maketh  a  wise  man. 

8.  Yatching  is  pleasant. 

9.  Wilhelmina  is  the  Queen  of  Holland. 

10.  Two  noticeable  features  of  the  Dutch  landscape  are  wind- 
mills and  canals. 

11.  Very  pleasant  is  the  memory. 


28  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

12.  A  diligent  student  will  gain  the  respect  of  his  teacher. 

13.  The  Chinese  women  bind  their  feet. 

14.  The  Dutch  harness  the  wind. 

15.  Mountains  which  once  reared  their  heads  above  the  clouds 
have  been  gnawed  down  by  the  tooth  of  time. 

16.  The  Father  of  Waters  seizes  the  hills  in  his  hands  and 
drags  them  down  to  the  ocean. 

17.  The  land  was  tilled  by  the  French  peasants. 

18.  The  Norwegian  immigrants  are  a  sturdy,  industrious  class. 

19.  Linen  is  manufactured  at  Belfast,  Ireland. 

20.  I  seized  the  opportunity. 

21.  The  sled  was  bought  by  John. 

22.  Her  path  was  strewn  with  flowers. 

23.  Edward  VII.  is  the  King  of  England. 

24.  Sugar  tastes  sweet. 

25.  The  private  became  a  captain. 

26.  The  table  feels  hard. 

27.  James  was  struck  by  Dick. 

28.  He  telleth  the  number  of  the  stars. 

29.  Niagara  Falls  looks  sublime  in  winter. 

30.  She  is  my  friend. 

31.  The  society  of  Bar  Harbor  seems  refined  and  wealthy. 

32.  The  weather  continues  cold. 

33.  There  was  a  seven-inch  fall  of  snow  in  Yellowstone  Park. 

34.  The  enemy  was  driven  fx-om  its  post  of  vantage. 

35.  Our  forefathers  purchased  liberty  with  their  lives. 

36.  A  tart  temper  never  mellows  with  age,  and  a  sharp  tongue 
is  the  only  edged  tool  that  grows  sharper  with  constant  use. 

37.  The  sleeping  fox  catches  no  poultry. 

38.  My  friend  is  a  woman  of  strong  character. 

39.  John  has  become  a  skilled  mechanic. 

40.  Caesar  was  killed  by  Brutus. 

41.  Hermann  was  the  earliest  German  hero. 

42.  A  scorner  seeketh  wisdom  and  findeth  it  not. 

43.  How  sharper  than  a  serpent's  tooth  it  is  to  have  a  thank- 
less child. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  29 

44.  The  German  Crown  Prince  served  his  time  in  the  army. 

45.  The  Queen  of  Italy  is  a  most  versatile  linguist. 

46.  French  peasants  are  most  prosperous. 

47.  The  German  laborer  is  poorly  paid. 

48.  Irish  peasants  rent  farms  of  less  than  one  acre. 

49.  The  American  laborer  receives  high  wages. 

50.  Chestnuts  constitute  the  food  of  the  Apennine  peasants. 

51.  Three  important   trees  of  southern  Europe  are  the  olive, 
cork,  and  mulberry. 

52.  Vesuvius  is  a  volcano  near  Naples. 

66.  IN  THE  FOLLOWINCt  SENTENCES,  CHANGE  THE 
ACTIVE  FORM  OF  THE  VERB  TO  THE  PASSIVE, 
AND  THE  PASSIVE  FORM  TO  THE  ACTIVE: 

1.  Marco  Polo  visited  China  in  the  fourteenth  century. 

2.  The  real  route  to  India  was  discovered  by  Vasco  de  Gama 
in  1497. 

3.  California  produces  five  hundred  carloads  of  honey  annually. 

4.  Kerosene  was  first  used  for  lighting  by  Americans  in  1826. 

5.  An  automatic  pistol  has  been  invented  by  Lieutenant  Hino 
of  the  Japanese  infantry. 

6.  Napoleon  sold  Louisiana  to  the  United  States  in  1803,  for 
$15,000,000. 

7.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  celebrated,  in  1904,  the  hundredth  anniver- 
sary of  this  purchase. 

8.  The  Boston  tea-party  is  now  regarded  as  a  riotous  demon- 
stration by  unprejudiced  historians. 

9.  The  Ganges  River  brings  down  and  distributes  in  its  valley 
silt  sufficient  to  fill  a  string  of  freight  cars  which,  placed  end  to 
end,  would  encircle  the  globe  at  the  equator. 

10.  The  Island  of  Malta  was  ceded  to  the  English  in  1814. 

11.  The  English  use  Malta  primarily  as  a  coaling  station. 

12.  Envelopes  were  first  used  in  1838. 

13.  Plants  take  poisonous  gas  from  the  air  and  give  in  return 
the  gas  which  we  need  for  life  and  health. 


30  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

14.  The  first  watches  were  made  by  the  Germans  at  Nuremburg 
in  1477. 

15.  Over  half  a  milHon  dollars'  worth  of  sponges  are  now 
obtained  by  the  government  from  the  Florida  coast. 

16.  The  government  is  planting  sponges  in  these  grounds. 

17.  A  new  device  to  prevent  locomotive  wheels  from  slipping 
magnetizes  the  drivers  so  that  they  stick  to  the  rails. 

18.  The  man  struck  the  horse. 

19.  This  bucket  was  made  in  that  factory. 

20.  A  twenty-story  building  was  erected  on  State  Street  by  the 
Masons. 

21.  The  fall  of  the  elevator  crushed  two  men. 

22.  The  Suez  canal  was  built  by  De  Lesseps. 

23.  The  natives  cultivate  tea  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  Hima- 
laya Mountains. 

24.  Luther  translated  the  Bible  into  German. 

25.  The  Duke  of  Wellington  won  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

26.  The  use  of  the  compass  was  known  to  the  Chinese  before 
the  time  of  the  Crusades. 

67.    The    PREDICATE    says    or    asserts 
^  something  about  that  which  the  subject 

represents :    Birds  sing ;  you  read. 

Note. — Either  the  subject  or  the  predicate,  or  both,  may  be 
enlarged  to  any  extent  by  the  addition  of  qualifying  words  and 
expressions,  called  modifiers:  My  sister's  small  birds  sing  sweetly 
in  the  morning. 

A  VERB  is  a  word  use  to  declare  or  assert  something 
about  a  person  or  thing :  I  ride ;  you  laugh ;  the  leaf  falls. 

A  TRANSITIVE  VERB  is  a  verb  that  in  the  active  voice 
requires  an  object  to  complete  its  meaning:  The  boy 
strikes  the  ball;  the  cat  catches  a  mouse;  the  farmer 
sows  his  seed ;  a  rolling  stone  gathers  no  moss ;  "  Middle- 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  31 

march"  was  written    by    George    Eliot;    a  soft  answer 

turneth  away  wrath. 

An  INTRANSITIVE  VERB  is  a  verb  that  do3s  not  admit  an 

object:    Birds  fly;  I  walk;  the  girl  runs;  the  snow  falls; 

the  dog  sleeps ;  wine  is  a  liquor. 

Note. — Certain  verbs  may  at  one  time  be  transitive  and  at 
another  intransitive:  The  wind  blew  the  snow  into  our  faces;  the 
wind  blew  furiously.  The  boy  plays  ball;  the  boy  plays.  The 
man  walked  his  horse;  the  man  walked.  The  girl  ran  a  splinter 
in  her  foot;  the  dog  ran  away.  John  speaks  Spanish;  he  speaks 
fluently.  The  sense  determines  tvhether  the  verb  is  transitive  or 
intransitive. 

An  ATTRIBUTIVE  VERB  makes  an  assertion  and  indicates 
what  is  asserted  of  the  subject. 

A  COPULATIVE  VERB  joins  the  subject  to  some  attribute. 

A  verb  is  in  the  active  voice  when  it  represents  the 
subject  as  acting  (or  being):  James  struck  John;  in  the 
PASSIVE  VOICE  when  it  represents  the  subject  as  acted 
upon:    John  was  struck  by  James. 

Intransitive  verbs  are  used  only  in  the  active  voice. 


Mode 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

MODE. 

68.    Mode  is  the  manner  in  which  I  state  the 


action  or  being  of  the  central  object  of  my 
mental  picture. 

69.  If  I  state  the  action  or  being  as  a  fact, 
the  manner  in  which  I  express  this  fact  is 

the    INDICATIVE    MODE.      Examples:    The    man    arrived. 
The  woman  is  a  seamstress. 

Interrogative  sentences  are  always  in  the  Indicative 
Mode. 

70.  An  action  may  be  expressed  as  possible 
or    probable,    or    as    a    duty    or    obligation. 

Examples :    Tlie    man    may    come.      He    should    come. 
This  manner  of  using  the  verb  is  the  potential  mode. 

May  means,  "I  am  allowed  to  do  so";   Can 

^  means,  ''I  am  able  to  do   so."     Examples: 

May  I  leave  the  room  ?    Answer,  You  may. 

Can  I  lift  this  load?     Answer,  If  it  is  not  too  heavy,  you 

can. 

Note. — The  potential  mode  is  falling  out  of  use  in  the  past  and 
past  perfect  tenses;  any  supposition  founded  on  fact  is  regarded 
as  in  the  indicative  mode,  while  in  the  subjunctive  mode  the 
supposition  implies  a  denial.      Examples:    Indicative  Mode. — If 

32 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  33 

the  ocean  is  10,000  feet  deep,  the  soundings  will  show  it.  Sub- 
junctive Mode.— If  the  ocean  were  fresh,  sailors  need  never  suffer 
from  thirst. 

71.  To  express  a  supposition  about  an  event 
u  jun  ive  ^^  ^j^r^^Q  Qf  things  that  is  contrary  to  facts,  a 
future  contingency,  or  a  wish,  use  the  subjunctive  mode. 
Examples:  If  she  know  her  Latin,  she  will  translate  it. 
Unless  the  day  be  pleasant,  I  shall  remain  at  home.  If  I 
were  learned,  I  should  write  the  essay. 

A  verb  in  the  subjunctive  mode  is  usually  preceded  by 
one  of  the  conjunctions  if,  thaty  till,  unless,  except,  though, 
lest,  whether. 

When  the  conjunction  is  omitted  before  a  subjunctive 
clause,  the  subject  follows  the  verb  or  the  first  auxiliary. 
Examples :  Had  I  cared,  he  could  not  have  done  it.  Were 
I  to  go,  the  home  would  be  broken  up."  If  a  niche  in  the 
temple  of  fame  be  mine,  it  may  be  filled  with  kindly  deeds. 

The  Subjunctive  Mode  uses  he  instead  of  am,  are,  and 
is;  and  loere  instead  of  was.  Examples:  If  the  water  he 
cold  enough,  ice  will  form.  Till  he  come,  the  work  must 
wait.  Though  he  tvei^e  deceitful,  I  must  try  to  save  him. 
Except  ye  become  as  little  children,  ye  cannot  enter  into 
the  kingdom  of  heaven.  Whether  he  he  black  or  white, 
he  should  receive  recognition.  Take  heed  lest  ye  fall. 
Judge  not  that  ye  he  not  judged. 

72.    The  central  object  in  my  mental  picture 

Imperative  .  ,    -. 

*^  may    be   represented    as   expressing  a  com- 

mand, or  an  entreaty,  or  a  mere  request.     This  manner 


34  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

of  using  the  verb  is  the  imperative  mode.  Examples: 
Leave  the  room.  Pray  give  me  my  freedom.  Come  here, 
my  child. 

The  subject  of  a  verb  in  the  Imperative  Mode  is 
omitted  except  where  emphasis  is  desired;  as,  Yoic  shut 
the  door. 

73.    The  name  of  any  action  of  the  central 

object  is  expressed  by  the  verb  preceded  by 

the   sign    to,  and    is    the    infinitive    mode.     Examples: 

To  walk.     To  run.     To  live.     To  be  believed.     To  have 

seen. 

This  sign  is  omitted  after  the  action  verbs  hid,  dare, 
feel,  let,  see,  make,  need,  hear,  and  sometimes  after  have, 
please,  and  keep,  and  after  any  equivalent  of  the  verb  see. 
Examples:  Bid  him  run.  I  dare  make  the  attack.  Let 
the  ship  float.  We  see  the  billows  rise  and  fall.  Do  not 
make  him  stand.  When  we  need  not  go  out-doors,  we 
are  content  to  have  it  rain.  Hear  the  hail  beat  on  the 
roof.  We  feel  the  music  thrill  through  us.  We  will  have 
him  go  to  school.  Will  you  please  keep  me  ?  He  helped 
me  move  on  May  1st. 

The  Infinitive  is  used  as  a  noun,  as  the  sub- 
ject, as  the  predicate  noun,  or  as  the  object 

of  a  verb.     Examples:    To  prevaricate  is  a  sin.     To  pray 

is  to  work.     I  like  to  walk. 

It  may  be  used  as  an  adjective.     Ex- 
As  an  Adjective  ^^^^i^.   Corn  to  plant  is  scarce. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  35 

It  may  be  used  as  an  adverb.  Examples: 
As  an  Adverb  ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^     ^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^.^^     ^^ 

lives  to  do  good. 

The  Infinitive  may  be  used  in  depend- 
Independently  ^^^jy  Example:  To  he  honest,  I  do  not 
care  for  you. 

"  The  present  infinitive  should  be  used  to  denote  an  action  that 
is  not  complete  at  the  time  represented  by  the  finite  yerb  in  the 
sentence.  Verbs  expressing  hope,  expectation,  or  intention,  and 
those  used  to  convey  commands,  require  present  infinitives  after 
them. 

"  The  present  perfect  infinite  should  be  used  to  denote  an  action 
that  is  completed  at  the  time  represented  by  the  finite  verb  in 
the  sentence. 

"Although  we  speak  of  the  present  and  present  perfect  forms 
of  the  infinitive,  the  infinitive  does  not  properly  express  time,  but 
depends  upon  the  finite  verb  in  the  sentence  for  whatever  it  may 
represent  with  regard  to  time." — Williams's  English  Grammar. 

74.   GIVE    CORRECT    FORM    OF    THE    INFINITIVE  IN 
EACH  OF  THE    FOLLOAVING   SENTENCES: 

(if  both  are  correct,  show  difference  in  meaning.) 

1.  He  expected  (to  see,  to  have  seen)  his  brother. 

2.  I  hoped  (to  have  seen,  to  see)  you  do  better. 

3.  They  believed  him  (to  be,  to  have  been)  insane. 

4.  I  n^ant  (to  see,  to  have  seen)  you  yesterday. 

5.  I  intended  (to  call,  to  have  called)  for  you. 

6.  It  would  have  been  wrong  (to  go,  to  have  gone)  on  with  the 
ceremony. 

7.  He  did  not  seem  (to  know,  to  have  known)  how  (to  do,  to 
have  done)  the  work. 

8.  It  was  his  duty  (to  assist,  to  have  assisted)  our  friend. 


36  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

9.  It  was  not  my  intention  (to  insist,  to  have -insisted)  upon 
your  complying  with  the  request. 

10.  There  was  nothing  left  but  (to  obey,  to  have  obeyed). 

75.     TELL  THE  MODE   OF  THE  VERBS  IN  THE   FOL- 
LOWING: 

1.  General  Grant  commanded  the  army. 

2.  He  dare  not  act  otherwise. 

3.  Were  he  sick,  he  could  not  make  the  ascent  of  Mount 
Hood. 

4.  Turn  to  private  life  for  real  heroism. 

5.  If  the  season  be  agreeable,  the  man  may  come. 

6.  We  may  breath  the  air  of  freedom  once  again. 

7.  Monsoons  bring  plenty  to  India. 

8.  If  they  fail,  famine  ensues. 

9.  O,  winds,  waft  your  riches  o'er  us. 

10.  To  err  is  human,  to  forgive  divine. 

11.  To  speak  plainly,  I  wish  to  see  the  last  of  you. 

12.  Go  to  bed. 

13.  If  he  brood  too  long  on  the  subject,  it  will  be  his  undoing. 

14.  I  wish  to  walk  through  the  Black  Forest. 

15.  Were  it  the  wish  of  the  Czar  to  promulgate  peace,  he  would 
disarm  his  large  army. 

16.  He  may  banish  Tolstoi  for  his  advanced  ideas. 

17.  The  king  of  Italy  favors  journalism. 

18.  King  Humbert  said,  "If  I  were  not  a  king,  I  should  be  a 
journalist." 

19.  We  may  see  a  revolution  of  the  laboring  classes. 

20.  Sir  Thomas  Lipton  hoped  to  win  the  international  yacht 
race. 

21.  Impulse  and  common  sense  make  a  good  working  team. 

22.  If  we  show  negligence  in  small  matters,  we  endanger  our 
success  in  larger  affairs. 

23.  There  is  a  fine  but  distinct  difference  between  the  stenog- 
rapher who  is  helpful  and  the  one  who  is  officious:  one  attends 
to  business,  the  other  meddles  with  business. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  37 

24.  Self-preservation  prompts  men  to  move  in  the  line  of  least 
resistance. 

25.  Have  you  had  a  kindness  shown,  pass  it  on. 

26.  If  thou  art  blest,  let  the  sunshine  of  thy  gladness  rest  on 
the  dark  edges  of  each  cloud  that  lies  black  in  thy  brother's  sky. 

27.  If  it  rain  to-morrow,  we  cannot  go  to  the  picnic. 

28.  If  it  is  raining  (now),  put  on  your  rubbers. 

29.  Though  he  study  his  lesson,  he  cannot  gain  the  reward. 

30.  Though  the  boy  climb  the  tree,  he  will  not  catch  a  glimpse 
of  the  Pfesident. 

31.  Though  he  climbs  the  tree,  he  will  not  catch  a  glimpse  of 
the  President. 

32.  Had  I  gone,  he  could  not  have  been  lost. 

33.  I  wish  I  were  good. 

;  .        76.    Mode  is  that  property  of  a  verb 

P  which   indicates   the   mood,  or  state  of 

mind,  of  the  speaker. 

^^  Mode  is  the  tone  of  affirmation,  the  manner  in  which  a  verb 
says  something  of  its  subject,  regardless  of  whether  the  predica- 
tion is  a  fact  or  not  a  fact. 

"  Mode  is  sometimes  confounded  with  the  meaning  of  the  verb, 
with  which  vfiode  has  nothing  to  do.  To  call  '  can  go '  the  poten- 
tial mode,  because  potentially  lies  in  the  meaning  of  can^  is  to 
obscure  hopelessly  any  right  conception  of  mode.  In  '  I  am  able 
to  walk '  and  *  I  can  walk '  the  mode  is  the  same.  If  rnode  had  to 
do  with  the  meaning  of  the  verb,  there  would  be  no  end  to  modes. 
For  instance,  we  might  call  '  I  will  go '  the  volential  mode;  '  I  beg 
you  to  go,'  the  deferential  mode;  '  I  am  sorry  I  went,'  the  peni- 
tential mode,  and  so  on.  In  '  I  doubt  it,'  doubt  is  expressed,  but 
the  mode  is  indicative." — A  School  Grammar  of  the  English 
Language,  by  Edward  A.  Allen. 

A  verb  is  in  the  indicative  mode  when  it  states  a  fact 

or  is  used  in  a  question :  Roses  bloom.  Why  do  you  smile  ? 


38  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

The  POTENTIAL  MODE  asserts  the  power,  liberty,  possi- 
bility, or  necessity  of  the  action  or  being ;  as,  We  may 
play.     We  can  walk.     We  must  go. 

A  verb  is  in  the  subjunctive  mode  when  it  asserts 
something  doubtfully  or  conditionally.  It  is  used  in  sub- 
ordinate clauses,  and  is  usually  introduced  by  if,  though, 
and  the  like:  If  he  were  here,  I  should  be  glad.  ''Though 
he  slay  me,  yet  will  I  trust  him." 

A  verb  is  in  the  imperative  mode  when  it  expresses  a 
command  or  an  entreaty:  Draw  your  swords.  "Give  me 
of  thy  bark,  0  birch  tree." 

The  subject  of  the  imperative  (thou  or  you)  is  seldom 
expressed. 

The  INFINITIVE  may  be  used  as  a  subject,  To  sing  is  a 
pleasure;  as  an  object,  She  likes  to  sing;  as  a  predicate 
noun.  Her  pleasure  is  to  sing;  as  an  adjective,  A  desire  to 
sing  was  shown;  as  an  adverb,  He  came  to  sing. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

PARTICIPLES. 

77.  I  wish  to  represent  myself  as  performing 
^       an  action  which  is  incomplete  or  continuing. 

Example :  I  am  riding.  I  do  this  by  annexing  ing  to  the 
root  ride,  and  thus  form  a  participle. 

The  participle  is  so  called  because  it  partakes  of  the 
nature  of  a  verb  and  of  an  adiective  or  noun.  The 
boy  riding  the  wheel  is  my  brother.  As  an  adjective, 
riding  modifies  the  noun  boy;  as  a  verb,  it  takes  the 
object  wheel. 

78.  Eiding  the  wheel  is  a  favorite  exercise  of 
.   .         my  brother.    Biding,  as  a  noun,  is  the  subject 

^  of  the  sentence ;  as  a  verb,  it  takes  the  object 
wheel.  This  form  of  the  participle,  which  denotes  con- 
tinuance, is  the  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE. 

79.  The  PAST  PARTICIPLE  is  formed  regularly 
by  adding  ed  to  the  root.     It  may  be  used  as 

an  adjective.  Example :  The  man  threatened  by  his 
neighbors  decided  to  move.  Threatened  is  an  adjective 
and  modifies  man. 

The  past  participles  of  transitive  verbs  have  a  passive 
force,  that  is,  the  noun  modified  is  the  receiver  of  an 

39 


40  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

action;  as,  The  man  threatened  by  his  neighbors  decided 

to  move. 

80.    Tlie  PERFECT  PAKTiciPLE  expresses  action 
Perfect  .... 

just  completed  or  still  continuing  in  its  effect; 

as,  Saving  written  the  letter,  he  was  anxious  to  go. 

Participles  are  often  used  as  adjectives  of  quality;  as, 

The  talking  machine  was  very  expensive. 

81.    Participles  may  be  classified  as  follows : 

Present  Past  Perfect 

Active  Voice     writing  ■    having  written 

Passive  Voice  being  written    written    having  been  written 

82.  The  name  of  the  action  is  expressed  by 
the  root  with  the  word  to  prefixed,  and  is  the 
INFINITIVE.  Example:  To  ride  a  wheel  is  pleasant  exer- 
cise. To  ride  is  a  noun,  the  subject  of  the  sentence.  As 
a  verb,  it  takes  the  object  wheel.  He  wishes  to  ride  a 
wheel.  In  this  sentence  to  ride  is  the  object  of  the  verb 
wishes,  and  as  a  verb  takes  the  object  wheel.  The  man 
appears  to  he  dead.  In  this  sentence  to  he  is  a  predicate 
noun,  and  as  a  verb  it  is  completed  by  the  predicate 
adjective  dead. 

The  Infinitive  has  two  forms :  To  write.  To  have 
written;  and  in  the  case  of  transitive  verbs  has  forms  for 
both  the  active  and  the  passive  voice. 

The  Infinitives  may  be  classified  as  follows: 
Present  Perfect 

Active  Voice      to  write  to  have  written     - 

Passive  Voice    to  be  written     to  have  been  written 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.'  41 


83.      NAME    PARTICIPLES    AND    INFINITIVES,    AND 
TELL   HOW   USED. 

1.  Whispering  the  name  is  not  sufficient. 

2.  An    invitation    bidding    me    to    a    wedding   requires    an 
acknowledgment. 

3.  Camping. is  a  pleasant  pastime. 

4.  Tojvork  the  machine  required  skill. 

5.  The  book  was  to  have  been  written  last  year. 

6.  To  be  believed  com^s'from  always  being  true. 

7.  Planting  perennials  is  the  work  of  the  gardener. 

8.  She  wants  to  jump  the  rope. 

9.  The  purpose  is  to  set  forth  the  truth. 

10.  You  do  not  need  to  supersede  her  or  to  take  her  house- 
keeping out  of  her  hands. 

11.  Few  mothers  wish  jq  resign  the  headship  of  their  homes. 

12.  To  have  a  vacation  urged  upon  you  and  extended  to  you  by 
your  employer  is  to_be  desired. 

13.  Do  not  try  t^Utalk^for  talk's  sake. 

14.  Have  something  to  say. 

15.  TcLcrown  comfort  with  beauty  is  the  daughter's  province. 

16.  Tg_  prevent  the  great  trusts  from  doing  public  harm  is  the 
present  problem. 

17.  Homer  is  supposed  to  havebeen  born  in  Smyrna. 

18.  A  good  habit  to  f orn^  early  in  life  is  to  turn  from  irritating 
things. 

19.  We  do  not  fear  to  die,  we  only  fear  to  sin. 

20.  To  punish  crime  quickly  and  severely  is  the  best  policy. 

21.  What  you  wish  to  be  you  must  begin  to  be  now. 

22.  The  hard  alternative,  to  swim  out  or  to  go  over  the  falls, 
presented  itself. 

23.  A  letter  expressing  gratitude  is  usually  welcome. 

24.  The  aim  of  the  teacher  was  to  lead  the  child  upward. 

25.  The  discipline  was  firm  but  loving 

26.  To  be  well  born  is  the  right  of  all. 


42  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

27.  The  horse  had  to  drink  from  the  turbid  stream. 

28.  He  would  like  to  be  out  in  the  world. 

29.  The  right  course  is  to  listen  to  Nature. 

30.  Thft  boy  roarnjnpr  ahmit.  HigrTnvprf^rl  the  graceful  flower. 

31.  They  have  decided  to  move. 

32.  Robert,  losing  hi^jTositinn  at  home,  entered  a  house  in  the 
city. 

33.  The  bride  wore  a  white  gown  trimmejd  with  Irish  point-lace. 

34.  ^sop  is  believed  tqjiave  lived/in  the  sixth  century. 

35.  I  began  to  read  the  book  yesterday. 

36.  The  general  purpose  of  our  conference  will   be  to  frame 
this  bill. 

37.  To  be  at  home  with  Nature  is  a  liberal  education. 

38.  He  is  to  be  one  of  the  chief  personages  at  the  banquet. 

39.  The  gifts  received  by  the  bride  were  valuable. 

40.  He  means  to  treat  his  work  as  part  of  the  universal  order. 

41.  The  toil  necessitated  by  this  work  was  too  arduous. 

42.  To  have  written  Thanatopsis  was  to  have  gained  fame. 

43.  To  compel  corporations  to  disclose  their  business  is  a  part 
of  the  new  law. 

44.  To  sop  up  gravy  with  a  bit  of  bread  is  a  breach  of  the  rules 
of  table  etiquette. 

45.  Be  above  noticing  pin-pricks  of  neglect. 

46.  Ten  minutes  a  day  for  reading  will  accomplish  much. 

47.  You  will  be  expected  to  consider  your  friend's  welfare  at 
this  time. 

48.  A  pretty  way  to  spend  May  Day  is  to  imitate  the  children's 
picnic. 

49.  One  may  begin  to  work  too  early  in  life. 

50.  Few  girls  will  take  kindly  to  weeding  by  hand. 

51.  The  prettiest  way  of  trimming  the  dress  is  the  simplest. 

52.  Don't  forget  to  thank  the  little  ones. 

53.  The  running  of  Tommy  was  excelled  by  none. 

54.  Her  desire  is  to  sing  well. 

55.  I  like  to  walk. 

56.  We  have  decided  to  offer  four  prizes. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  43 

57.  Sailing  is  a  delightful  pastime. 

58.  That  noise  is  the  knocking  of  the  woodmen's  axes  in  the 
deep  forest. 

59.  The  merchant  was  told  to  return  soon. 

60.  The  government  of  the  United  States  has  oflPered  to  pay 
large  sums  for  the  Danish  West  Indies. 

61.  The  governor  is  reported  to  have  signed  the  law. 

62.  His  duty  shall  be  to  report  promptly  any  distress. 

63.  He  desired  to  aid  all  indigent  persons. 

64.  I  disliked  to  go  without  you. 

65.  I  was  trying  to  find  you. 

84.  A  PARTICIPLE  is  a  word  derived 
^  from  a  verb  and  partaking  of  the  nature 

of  a  verb  and  of  an  adjective  or  noun. 

The  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE  ends  in  ing,  and  is  also  called 
the  IMPERFECT  PARTICIPLE,  because  it  represents  the  con- 
tinuance of  an  action,  being,  or  state. 

The  PAST  PARTICIPLE  ends  in  dyox  takes  an  irregular 
form ;  as,  sunk,  thought,  etc. 

The  PERFECT  PARTICIPLE  i^Jormed  by  placing  heing  or 
havinfi  before  a  Past  Participle. 

The  Participle^  may  bp  thp  ^q^uiVal^rit^^frin  infinitive; 
as.  The  orator  commenced  speaking  at  two  o'clock.  The 
orator  commenced  to  speak  at  two  o'clock. 


Tense 


CHAPTER  X. 

TENSE. 

85.  I  may  represent  the  central  object  of 
my  mental  picture  as  in  action  at  the  present 

time,  or  as  having  completed  an  action,  or  as  contemplating 
an  action  at  some  future  time.  Examples:  The  horse 
runs.     The  horse  ran.     The  horse  will  run. 

The  different  forms  of  the  verb  which  show  difference 
in  time  are  tenses. 

86.  The  PRESENT  TENSE  represents  the  action 
or   event   as    taking   place  now.     Example: 


Present 

I  walk. 


Past 
I  walked. 


87.    The  PAST  TENSE  represents  the  action  or 
event  as  completed  or  finished.     Example: 


Future 


88.  The  FUTURE  TENSE  represents  the  action 
or   event   as    taking    place    in    the    future. 

Example:  I  shall  walk. 

89.  In  modern  English  the  verb  expresses 
Inflection  ^^^^ 

a.    By  a  change  of  form;  as,  I  teach,  I  taught. 
h.    By  the  aid  of  auxiliaries;  as,  I  may  teach,  I  shall 
teach. 

44 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  45 

c.    By  its  ending;  as,  I  loved. 

With  the  exception  of  the  verb  to  he,  there  are  but  two 
inflections  to  indicate  the  number  and  person  of  the  verb. 

In  Metcalf  s  English  Grammar  is  given  the  following  explana- 
tion of  the  present  tense: 

"  It  may  be  well  for  us  to  study  more  closely  the  root  of  the 
verb,  and  the  form  in  s,  taking  for  example  the  verbs  7nove  and 
write. 

"  The  sentence,  She  moves  gracefully,  does  not  necessarily  mean 
that  she  is  actually  moving  now,  but  that  when  she  moves  the  act 
is  graceful.  So,  also,  when  I  say,  You  write  beautifully,  I  may 
mean,  not  that  you  are  writing  now,  but  that  whenever  you  write 
the  writing  is  beautiful. 

"If  I  wish  to  assert  that  the  writing  is  going  on  now,  I  am 
more  likely  to  say.  You  are  writing  beautifully.^^ 

90.  Verb  forms  in  English  have  few  in- 
flections or  changes  in  spelling.  Owing  to 
this  lack  of  inflection,  it  is  necessary  to  use  other  words 
to  help  in  expressing  the  various  forms  necessary  in  Voice 
and  Tense ;  these  helping  words  are  called  auxiliaries. 
These  auxiliaries  are:  do  {does,  did),  shall,  will,  may, 
can,  must,  might,  could,  would,  should,  have  (has,  had),  be 
(is,  am,  are,  was,  were,  being,  been). 

91.  The  future  tense  is  formed  by  prefixing  shall  or 
will  to  the  root. 

92.   To  express  futurity  with  regard  to  some 
Shall  and      4.-        i?      •       t         i.  ^i  t 

\A7*ll  action  ot   mine,   1    must   use    the  auxiliary 

shall  with  the  root  form.    Example :  I  shall  go. 

To  express  futurity  with  regard  to  your  action  or  that 


46  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

of  some  third  person,  I  must  use  the  auxUiary  will. 
Examples :  You  will  go.  He  will  go.  On  the  other  hand, 
to  express  determination  not  only  in  the  future  but  in 
the  present,  I  must  say  of  my  own  action,  I  will  write; 
of  yours,  You  shall  write;  of  a  third  person,  He  shall 
write. 

In  asking  questions,  shall  (never  will)  is  used  with  the 
the  subject  /  or  we.  Examples :  Shall  I  go  to  the  train  ? 
Shall  we  take  a  trip  ? 

With  other  subjects,  the  same  auxiliary  (whether  shall 
or  will)  is  used  that  is  expected  in  the  answer.  Exam- 
ples: Shall  I  go  to  New  York?  Answer,  I  shall.  Will 
you  call  for  me  ?     Answer,  I  ivill. 

"  In  the  first  person  simply  shall  foretells ; 
In  will  a  threat  or  else  a  promise  dwells. 
Shall,  in  the  second  and  third,  does  threat; 
Will,  simply,  then,  foretells  the  future  feat." 
Should  and  would  are  past  forms  of  shall  and  ivill,  and 
are,  in  general,  governed  by  the  same  rules. 

93.  1.  I  will  utter  wbat  I  believe  to-day,  if  it  should  contradict 
all  I  said  yesterday. 

2.  You  will  go,  will  you  not?     (Future.) 

3.  You  should  study  your  lesson. 

4.  He  will  go  with  us.    (Future.) 

5.  We  shall  go  abroad  next  spring.     (Future.) 

6.  He  would  go  every  day  for  his  mail. 

7.  You  will  hear  from  us  frequently.     (Future.) 

8.  They  will  build  a  new  house.     (Future.) 

9.  I  will  go,  you  shall  not  prevent  me.     (Resolution.) 
10.  You  shall  not  go.     (Command.) 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  47 

11.  He  shall  be  paid.     (Promise.) 

12.  He  shall  suffer  for  this.    (Threat.) 

13.  I  should  like  to  see  him. 

14.  Shall  I  serve? 

15.  I  shall  return  home  now,  but  will  come  again  next  week. 

16.  I  shall  enjoy  a  correspondence  with  you,  and  I  will  write  at 
least  once  a  week. 

17.  I  would  never  give  my  consent. 

94.  INSERT  THE  PROPER  AUXILIARY  (WILL,  SHALL) 
IN  EACH  BLANK  IN  THE  FOLLOWING  SENTENCES: 

1.  Wherever  you  lead,  general,  we  soldiers follow. 

2.  I be  killed,  nobody help  me. 

3.  That  we die,  we  know. 

4.  The  president  has  agreed  that  the  contest be  held. 

5.  I remember  that. 

6.  It  does  not  yet  appear  where  we lodge. 

7.  He be  free  when  navigation  closes. 

8.  I ■  not  give  you  food. 

9.  I  am  determined  that  you not  see  her. 

10.  we  be  in  time?  ' 

11.  I not  see  her. 

12.  We persevere  to  the  end. 

13.  He go  with  you. 

14.  I not  talk  to  her. 

15.  He  has  gone  to  Louisville,  where  he live. 

16.  I  suppose  there be  trouble  about  it. 

17.  Unless  you  bridle  your  tongue  you not  succeed. 

18.  By  and  by  the  conditions improve. 

19.  he  inflict  this  trial  upon  us? 

20.  You find  me  at  any  time. 

21.  This be  more  fully  discussed  in  the  next  edition. 

22.  I be  glad  to  do  all  I  can. 

23.  —  you  have  luncheon  with  me  to-morrow? 

24.  I  look  into  their  very  faces? 

25.  Do  you  think  that  you live  in  the  annals  of  history? 


48  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

95.  To  express  an  action  as  completed  but 

rTesent       connected  in  sense  with  the  present  time,  we 

Perfect 

use  the  auxiliary  have  (has)  before  the  per- 
fect participle  of  the  verb.  This  is  the  Present  Perfect 
Tense.  Example:  I  have  recited  my  lesson  to-day.  He 
has  been  to  St.  Louis  this  week. 

96.  To  express  an  action  as  completed  at  or 
before  a  past  time^  we  use  the  auxiliary  had 

Perfect  ^.^^^  ^^^^  perfect  participle.  This  is  the  past 
PERFECT  TENSE.  Example :  I  had  finished  my  dress  before 
dinner.  I  had  written  the  paper  before  the  teacher  asked 
us  to  do  so. 

97.  To  express  an  action  that  will  be  com- 
r  uture         pleted  before  some  other  future  act  mentioned, 

we  use  the  auxiliaries  shall  have  or  will  have 
with  the  perfect  participle  of  the  verb.  This  is  the  future 
PERFECT  TENSE.  Examples :  I  shall  have  written  the  paper 
before  the  man  calls  for  it.  He  will  have  eaten  his  dinner 
before  train  time. 

98.     NAME  THE  TENSE  OF  THE  VERBS  IN  THE  FOL- 
LOWING SENTENCES,  AND  TELL  HOW  THEY  ARE 


FORMI^^ 

1.  He  hadjntedjiis  hands 


over  his  head  and  had  cried  out  in 
agony.  ^  -^ ^^_ 

2.  He  will  have  painted  the  picture  before  the  exhibition  is 
given.  ^  Q^^ 

3.  He  has  varnished  the  woodwork  to-day. 

4.  Sha  hl^  ^r^wn  pet  dream  of  college  glory. 

5.  I  ha*^6u^t  the  land  which  they  inherited. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  49 

6.  Before  the  Christmas  tide  some  happy  incidents  will  have 
informed  us  what  th^  washed. 

7.  The  birds  have  flown  northward. 

8.  In,  twenty  years  the  channel  of  the  Mississippi  River  will 
haveclian^ed  beyond  recognition.  -^ ^ (p_j 

9.  Soon  ourpl^aes  in  the  world  will  have  beelg  taken  by  others. 

10.  I  haacofnpiei'ed  the  first  book  of  Caesar  when  school  closed. 

11.  I  shall  have  sold  this  stock  before  the  new  one  comes. 

99.   Tense  is  that  modification  of  the 
Recapitulation  ^^^^  ^j^.^^  expresses  the  time  of  the 

action  or  being. 

The  PRESENT  TENSE  denotes  the  action  or  being  as 
present. 

The  PA.ST  TENSE  denotes  the  action  or  being  as  past. 

The  FUTURE  TENSE  denotes  the  action  or  being  as  yet 
to  come. 

We  express  future  time  by  using  shall  or  will  with  the 
root. 

In  declarative  sentences,  shall  in  the  first  person,  and 
will  in  the  second  and  third,  denote  futurity :  they  denote 
what  is  likely  to  happen.  On  the  other  hand,  will  in  the 
first  person,  and  shall  in  the  second  and  third,  denote  not 
only  future  time,  but  present  determination. 

The  PRESENT  PERFECT  TENSE  denotes  the  action  or  being 
as  completed  at  the  present  time. 

The  PAST  PERFECT  TENSE  denotes  the  action  or  being  as 
completed  at  some  time  past. 

The  FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE  denotes  the  action  or  being 
to  be  completed  at  some  future  time. 


CHAPTER  XL 


YEEBS  EEGULAE  AND  lEEEGULAR 


100.  The  principal  parts  of  the  verb 
are  the  present,  past,  present  participle, 
perfect  participle. 

Present— walk. 

Past — walked. 

Present  Participle — walking. 

Perfect  Participle — walked. 

101.    A  verb  whose  past  tense  and  perfect 
participle  are  formed  by  the  addition  of  d  or 
ed  to  the  root  is  regular. 


Verbs  Regular 
and  Irregular 


Principal 
Parts 


Regular 


102.    All   other   verbs    are    irregular,  and 
^  must    be    learned  or  we   shall    make    grave 

errors.  _ 

The  past  is  not  used  with  an  auxiliary. 


Present  Tense 

Past  Tense 

Perfect  Participle 

arise 

arose 

arisen 

abide 

abode 

abode 

awake 

awoke 

awaked 

be  or  am 

was 

been 

begin 

began 

begun 

bear  (to  bring  fo: 

rth)  bore 

born 

50 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


51 


bear  (to  carry) 

bore 

borne 

beat 

beat 

beaten  or  beat 

bid 

bade,  bid 

bidden,  bid 

bite 

bit 

bitten,  bit 

blow- 

blew 

blown 

break 

broke 

broken 

chide 

chid 

chidden,  chid 

choose 

chose 

chosen 

cleave 

cleft,  clove 

cleft,  cleaved,  cloven 

come 

came 

come 

do 

did 

done 

draw- 

drew 

drawn 

drink 

drank 

drunk 

drive 

drove 

driven 

eat 

ate 

eaten 

fall 

fell 

fallen 

fly 

flew 

flown 

freeze 

froze 

frozen 

forbear 

forbore 

forborne 

forget 

forgot 

forgotten,  forgot 

forsake 

forsook 

forsaken 

give 

gave 

given 

go 

went 

gone 

grow 

grew 

/H^rown 

get 

got 

gotten,  got 

hide 

hid 

hidden,  hid 

have 

had 

had 

know 

knew 

known 

52 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


lie  (to  recline) 

lay 

lain        ^^^ 

lay  (to  put) 

laid 

laid   /^ 

ride 

rode 

ridden 

ring 

rang 

rung 

rise 

rose 

risen 

run 

ran 

run 

see 

saw 

seen 

shake 

shook 

shaken 

shrink 

shrank, 

shrunk  shrunken^-shrunk 

sing 

sang,  sung 

sung 

sink 

sank,  sunk 

sunken 

slay 

slew 

slain 

set 

set 

set 

sit 

sat 

sat 

speak 

spoke 

spoken 

steal 

stole 

stolen 

swim 

swam 

^Wttmr- — 

smite 

smote 

smitten 

slide 

slid 

slidden,  slid 

spring 

sprang, 

sprung 

sprung 

stride 

strode 

stridden 

strike 

struck 

stricken,  struck 

strive 

strove 

striven 

swear 

swore 

sworn 

take 

took 

taken 

tear 

tore 

torn 

throw 

threw 

thrown 

tread 

trod 

trodden,  trod 

PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


53 


wear 

wore 

worn 

weave 

wove 

woven 

wake 

woke,  waked 

waken 

write 

wrote 

written 

103. 

LIE    AND   LAY 

Lie  means  "  to  rest,  to  recline." 
Lay  means  "  to  cause  to  rest,  to  lie." 
Principle  parts  of  lie  are : 

Present 
Present         Past  Participle 

lie  lay  lying 

Principle  parts  of  lay  are: 

Present 
Present         Past  Participle 

lay  laid  laying 

LIE 

1.  I  am  going  to  lie  down. 

2.  1  lay  down  yesterday. 

3.  I  was  lying  down. 

4.  He  is  lying  down. 

5.  I  had  just   lain  down 

when  you  called. 


Perfect 
Participle 

lain 


Perfect 
Participle 

laid 


LAY 

1.  I  will  lay  the  book  where 
I  found  it. 

2.  We  laid  the  money   on 
the  table. 

3.  He  is  laying  the  carpet. 

4.  I  have  laid  the  books  on 

the  shelf. 


104.  SIT   AND   SET. 

SIT   (INTRANSITIVE    VERB). 

Present         Perfect 
Present         Past  Participle     Participle 

sit  sat  sitting  sat 


54  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

SET    (TKANSITIVE   VERB). 

Present  Perfect 

Present         Past  Participle     Participle 

set  set  setting  set 

Examples : 

1.  He  told  her  to  sit  down  and  she  sat  down. 

2.  The  sun  is  setting. 

3.  The  hen  is  sitting  on  her  eggs. 

4.  He  told  her  to  set  the  child  down. 

5.  She  set  the  table. 

— Adapted  from  "  Correct  English^ 

105.    IN   THESE   SENTENCES  SUPPLY  LIE,  LAY;  SIT, 
SET;  LEARN,  TEACH;  RISE,  RAISE;  FALL,  FELL. 

1.  Did  the  bread ? 


2.  the  book  on  the  table. 

3.  The  man on  the  chair. 

4.  I  shall down. 

5.  I down  yesterday. 

6.  I  have in  bed  two  weeks. 

7.  The  book on  the  table. 

8.  I  have the  book  on  the  table. 

9.  The  bread  has 

10.  She the  bucket  from  the  well. 

11.  She her  lesson. 

12.  She  will the  lesson  to  the  child. 

13.  down. 

14.  I  have in  this  place  two  hours. 

15.  He  has the  trap. 

16.  He a  poor  example. 

17.  When  will  the  court again? 

18.  They  are posts  for  the  fence. 

19.  the  ruler  on  the  table. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  55 

20.  by  your  money  for  a  "rainy  day.'* 

21.  Did  you the  money? 

22.  Each  one  in  favor  of  this  motion his  right  hand. 

23.  Do  you  think  the  river  will ? 

24.  The  teacher  will her  subject  so  that  she  may 

the  pupils. 

25.  He the  tree. 

26.  The of  stock  created  a  panic. 

27.  the  table. 

106.    The    PRINCIPAL   PARTS  of  a  verb 
Recapitulation  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^  p^^,^^ 

are  derived.  They  are  the  Present,  Past,  Present  Participle, 
and  the  Perfect  Participle. 

A  REGULAR  VERB  is  a  verb  that  forms  its  past  tense  and 
perfect  participle  by  the  addition  of  d  or  ed  to  the  present : 
Present  love,  past  loved,  perfect  participle  loved. 

An  IRREGULAR  VERB  is  a  verb  that  does  not  form  its 

past  tense  by  the  addition  of  d  or  ed  to  the  present;  as, 

present  give,  past  gave,  perfect  participle  given. 

Note.— An  auxiliary  verb  is  a  verb  that  is  used  in  the  conjuga- 
tion of  other  verbs:  I  am  loved;  Do  you  love?  He  has  given.  An 
impersonal  verb  is  one  that  is  used  only  in  the  third  person  singu- 
lar, having  no  personal  subject:   It  rains;  It  snows. 


CHAPTER  XIL 

PEESONAL   PEONOUNS. 

107.  In  speaking  of  myself  or  any  one  else,  I 
should  find  the  constant  repetition  of  names 

awkward;  as,  John's  hat  is  in  John's  hand  instead  of  on 
John's  head.  In  order  to  avoid  this,  I  must  use  a  class  of 
words  called  pronouns. 

A  pronoun  is  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun.  John's 
hat  is  in  his  hand  instead  of  on  his  head.  My  hat  is  in 
my  hand. 

108.  Pronouns,   have  various    forms  to  dis- 
tinguish   the    person    speaking,    the    person 

spoken  to,  or  the  person  spoken  of.  Those  that  are 
inflected  to  show  different  persons  are  personal  pronouns. 

109.  The  pronouns  representing  the  speaker  are  said 
to  be  in  the  first  person;  the  person  spoken  to,  in  the 
second  person;  the  person  spoken  of,  in  the  third  person. 

110.  Pronouns,  like  nouns,  have  person,  number,  gender, 
and  case. 

111.  Pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  person  are 
inflected  for  case  only,  as  the  gender  is  always  supposed 
to  be  known. 

56 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


57 


Personal     Nom. 
Pronouns    poss. 


Declined 


ObJ, 


Singular 

I 

my  or  mine 

me 


Plural 

we 

our  or  ours 

us 


Nom. 
Poss. 
ObJ. 


thou 

thy  or  thine 

thee 


SECOND    PERSON. 

you 

your  or  yours 

you 


The  third  person  is  inflected  for  gender  as  well  as  case. 

Masculine 
Nom.     he 
Poss.     his 


Obj.      him 


Feminine 
she 
her 
her 


Neuter 
it 
its 
it 


Plural 

they 

their  or  theirs 

them 


"The  forms  mine,  thine,  ours,  yours,  theirs,  and  sometimes  his 
and  hers,  though  possessive  in  form,  have  come  to  be  used  only  in 
the  nominative  and  objective  cases.  They  are  in  reality  substi-, 
tutes  for  a  noun  and  its  possessive  modifier.  This  book  is  mine. 
Yours  is  larger.  Do  you  like  this  hat  of  mine'^ ''—MaxwelVs 
Grammar. 


Compound 

Personal 

Pronouns 


112.  The  compound  personal  pronouns  are: 
myself  ourselves 

thyself  yourselves 

himself  themselves 

herself 
itself 

113.  The  ANTECEDENT  of  a  pronoun  is  the 


Antecedent 

pronoun  stands.     Examples:    The  boat  lost  her  rudder, 


word    or   group    of    words    for  which    the 


58  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

but  she  drifted  ashore.    "Honesty  is  the  best  policy,"  is  a 
favorite  saying,  but  it  is  not  a  subhme  sentiment, 

The  antecedent  may  be  expressed  or  understood;  as, 
They  heard  the  cry  and  gave  the  alarm. 

114.  Pronouns  referring  to  a  singular  antecedent  must 
also  be  singular,  and  vice  versa.  Examples:  Each  one 
sees  his  own  heart.  Every  one  has  his  day  from  which 
he  dates.  You  can  commit  no  greater  folly  than  to  sit 
by  the  roadside  until  some  one  comes  along  and  invites 
you  to  ride  with  him  to  wealth  or  influence.  I  like  to  see 
a  person  who  knows  his  own  mind  and  sticks  to  it. 

115.    GIVE    THE   CASE  OF    THE   PRONOUNS   IN   THE 
FOLLOWING  SENTENCES: 

1.  Who  did  you  say  called? 

2.  He  supposed  it  to  be  me. 

3.  Here  is  the  man  who  they  said  would  buy  the  house. 

4.  He  is  a  man  whom  all  men  consider  just. 

5.  I  like  to  confide  in  one  who  I  know  will  never  betray  my 
confidence. 

6.  The  greatest  men  of  a  nation  are  those  whom  it  puts  to 
death. 

7.  He  who  has  most  of  heart  knows  most  of  sorrow. 

8.  They  are  never  alone  who  are  accompanied  by  noble 
thoughts. 

9.  Whom  did  you  understand  it  to  be? 

116.     An     INTERROGATIVE     PRONOUN    is    a 

^  pronoun  used  in  asking  a  question. 

The  Interrogative  Pronouns  are  vjIio,  ivMch,  ivhat,  and 
ivliether 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  59 

Who  refers  only  to  human  beings,  and  is  the  only  one 
inflected : 

Singular  Pluarl 

Norn.       who       V  Nom.       who 

Poss.       whose  Poss.       whose 

Obj.         whom  ObJ.         whom 

This  horse  is  mine,  that  horse  is  yours.  TJiis  and  that 
are  demonstrative  adjectives.  I  may  say,  This  is  mine, 
that  is  yours.  So  used,  this  and  that  are  now  demonstra- 
tive pronouns.  This  and  these  point  out  things  that  are 
near,  and  that  and  those  things  more  distant. 

117.   Indefinite  pronouns  point  out  objects 
indefinitely.  All^  any,  each,  neither,  few,  many, 
none,  one,  other,  another,  some,  several,  such. 

One  and  its  compounds,  somebody  and  the  like,  other  and 
another,  either  and  neither,  have  a  possessive  case :  One's 
business;  somebody's  hat. 

118.  Every  (with  its  compounds  everyone,  everybody), 
neither,  both,  no  one,  anyone,  either  one,  neither  one,  not 
one,  one  or  the  other,  are  always  singular  pronouns. 
Examples :  Each  of  the  boys  is  decorated  with  a  medal. 
Either  of  the  men  is  anxious  to  join  the  union.  Neither 
of  the  women  wished  to  do  so. 

119.  Some  as  a  pronoun  may  be  either  singular  or  plural. 
When  representing  quantity  it  is  singular.  Example: 
Some  of  the  milk  was  spilled. 


60  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

When  it  refers  to  number  it  is  plural.  Example:  Some 
of  the  roses  were  scattered  on  the  ground. 

120.    NAME    THE    PRONOUNS    IN    THE    FOLLOWING 
SENTENCES : 

1.  All  of  these  soldiers  have  been  in  the  Philippines. 

2.  Louis  Pasteur  was  one  of  the  benefactors  of  his  age. 

3.  Many  are  the  benefits  he  conferred. 

4.  Some  must  work  while  others  play. 

5.  None  can  ever  estimate  the  influence  of  a  good  life. 

6.  Who  did  you  say  would  deliver  the  oration? 

7.  Whom-did  you  meet  at  Chautauqua? 

8.  Several  have  bought  the  new  encyclopedia. 

9.  This  will  last  longer  than  that. 

10.  Many  are  called,  but  few  are  chosen. 

121.   The  CONJUNCTIVE  or  relative  pro- 
^  NOUN  connects  a  clause,  of  which  it  forms 

a  part,  to  some  word  which  the  clause  modifies. 

122.  The  conjunctive  pronouns  are  vjhoy  which,  what, 
that,  and  as.  As  i^  only  a  conjunctive  pronoun  after  such, 
many,  and  same.  Example:  We  are  such  stuff  as  dreams 
are  made  of. 

Who  is  the  only  conjunctive  pronoun  that  is  inflected, 
and  who  is  inflected  only  for  case. 

Nominative  Possessive  Objective 

who  whose  whom 

VFho,  which,  and  that  are  singular  or  plural,  according  to 
the  number  of  the  antecedent;  what  is  always  singular. 

123.  Who  is  used  for  persons  only,  which  for  animals, 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  61 

plants,  and  things  without  life.  Examples:  Which  do  you 
prefer,  the  dog  or  the  cat?  Which  room  is' painted  blue? 
Who  goes  there? 

124.  Which  may  represent  a  collection  of  persons, 
when  no  special  reference  is  made  to  the  persons  compos- 
ing the  collection.  Example:  The  fourth  army  corps, 
which  lacked  sufficient  ammunition,  retreated. 

Which  may  also  be  used  to  refer  to  a  statement  or  a 
mere  name.  Examples:  He  calls  me  great,  which  shows 
his  lack  of  judgment.  Porto  Eico,  which  the  Americans 
acquired  from  Spain,  is  very  valuable. 

125.  Thcit  may  be  used  in  speaking  of  either  persons 
or  things,  and  must  be  used  when  the  antecedent  refers 
both  to  persons  and  things.  Examples :  'Tis  the  prettiest 
little  parlor  that  ever  you  did  spy.  The  man  and  the 
horse  that  went  into  tlie  jungle  never  returned. 

That  is  preferred  usually  after  an  adjective  in  the 
superlative  degree.  Example:  He  was  the  youngest  boy 
of  all  that  attended  the  school. 

126.  UNDERLINE  THE  CONJUNCTIVE  PRONOUNS. 

1.  Booker  T.  Washington,  who  is  the  benefactor  of  his  race, 
was  a  slave. 

2.  The  horse  that  balked  was  sold  at  a  low  price. 

3.  The  Queen  of  England,  who  was  a  Danish  princess,  was 
thoroughly  trained  in  housekeeping. 

4.  The  man  from  whom  we  get  our  butter  lives  in  the  country. 

5.  The  roses  which  bloom  in  southern  gardens  are  large  and 
fragrant. 


62  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

6.  The  house  to  which  he  carried  the  letter  was  closed. 

7.  He  said  that  he  would  call. 

8.  The  sweetest  music  that  a  mother  hears  is  the  prattle  of  her 
little  child. 

9.  He  that  would  succeed  must  work. 

10.  The  factory  which  burned  belonged  to  my  brother. 


127.    IN  THE   FOLLOWING   SENTENCES  SUPPLY  THE 
CORRECT  PRONOUN  OR  PRONOUNS: 

1.  The  man  said  it  is . 

2.  I  know  it  is . 


3.  She  invited  Mrs.  R.  and to  go  driving. 

4.  Between and there  is  no  friendship. 

5.  May  Jack  and go  to  the  circus? 

6.  Who  is  it?    Only . 

7.  and wrote  the  letter. 

8.  It  was who  called  to  you. 

9.  I  can  play  as  well  as . 

10.  and friends  have  been  here. 

11.  Yes,  it  was  -. 

12.  If were would  you  go? 

13.  was  a  better  scholar  than . 

14.  Fred  and are  twins. 

15.  is  as  good  as . 


16.  and come  after . 

17.   girls  will  be  there. 

18.  Bring  the  news  to boys. 

19.  Besides ,  the  two  oldest  will  be  there. 

20.  Our  friends  and are  going  out  to-night. 

21.  This  is  between and . 

22.  This  is  for and . 

23.  All kinds  of  things. 

24.  Neither nor were  at  home. 

25.  There  were  many  people  besides . 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  63 

128.    A  PRONOUN  is  a  word  used  to  take 
Recapitulation  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^  ^^^^^^ ,   j^  ^^^^  j^-^^^  ^^^.^^ 

who.    ' 

Note. — The  noun  for  which  a  pronoun  stands  is  called  its  ante- 
cedent. Thus,  in  John  goes  to  school,  but  lie  does  not  study,  the 
noun  John  is  the  antecedent  of  the  pronoun  he. 

A  PERSONAL  PRONOUN  is  a  pronoim  that  shows  by  its 
form  whether  it  stands  for  the  speaker,  /,  wc,  etc.,  that  is, 
the  first  person;  for  the  person  spoken  to,  thou,  you,  etc., 
that  is,  the  second  person;  or  for  the  person  or  thing 
spoken  of,  he,  she,  it,  they,  etc.,  that  is,  the  third  person. 

Note. — Nouns  are  almost  always  in  the  third  person. 

An  INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUN  is  a  pronoun  that  is  used 
to  ask  a  question:  Who  is  there?  What  shall  we  do? 
The  interrogative  pronouns  are  who,  ivhich,  and  what. 

A  RELATIVE  (or  CONJUNCTIVE)  PRONOUN  is  a  pronoun 
that  connects  a  subordinate  clause,  in  which  it  stands, 
with  the  antecedent:  "The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after 
them."     Relative  pronouns  are  who,  ivhich,  vjhat,  mid' that. 

An  INDEFINITE  PRONOUN  is  a  pronoun  that  points  out 
an  object  indefinitely :    some,  07ie,  any,  other,  all,  etc. 

Note.—  A  Reflexive  Pronoun  is  a  pronoun  that  refers  back  to 
the  subject:  He  hurt  himself. 

A  Demonstrative  Pronoun  is  a  pronoun  that  points  out  an 
object  definitely:   this,  that,  these,  those. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

CONJUGATION. 

129.    If  we  give  all  the  forms  and  parts  of 

^   ^  the  verb,  Person,  Number,  Tense,  Voice, 

Mode — systematically  arranged —  we  conjugate  the  verb. 

Note. — A  verb  must  agree  with  its  subject  in  person  and 
number. 


THE   VERBS   HAVE,    BE,    DO.      (ACTIVE   VOICE.) 

Indicative  Mode. 

VERB  HAVE. 

Principal  Parts.— 

Pres.,  have;  Past,  had;  Perf .  Part.,  had. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular 

Plural 

I  have 

We  have 

You  have 

You  have 

He  has 

They  have 

PAST   TENSE. 

I  had 

We  had 

You  had 

You  had 

He  had 

They  had 

FUTURE 

TENSE   (sign,    shall   OR  WILL). 

I  shall  have 

We  shall  have 

You  will  have 

You  will  have 

He  will  have 

They  will  have 

PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  65 

,  PERFECT    TENSES. 

PRESENT  PERFECT  TENSE  (SIGN,  HAVE). 

Singular  Plural 

1  have  had  *  We  have  had 

You  have  had  You  have  had 

He  has  had  They  have  had 

PAST   PERFECT   TENSE   (SIGN,   HAD). 

I  had  had  We  had  had 

You  had  had  You  had  had 

He  had  had  They  had  had 

FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE  (SIGN,  SHALL  HAVE  OR  WILL  HAVE). 

I  shall  have  had  We  shall  have  had 

You  will  have  had  You  will  have  had 

He  will  have  had  They  will  have  had 


130. 

VERB 

BE. 

Principal  Parts.— 

Pres., 

,  be  or  am 

;  Past,  was;  Perf.  Part.,  been, 

PRESENT 

TENSE. 

Singular 

Plural 

I  am 

We  are 

You  are 

You  are 

He  is 

They  are 

PAST  TENSE. 

I  was 

We  were 

You  were 

You  were 

He  was 

They  were 

FUTURE   TENSE   (SIGN, 

SHALL   OR   will). 

I  shall  be 

We  shall  be 

You  will  be 

You  will  be 

He  will  be 

They  wHl  be 

66  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

PERFECT    TENSES. 

PRESENT  PERFECT  TENSE  (SIGN,  HAVE). 

Singular  Plural 

I  have  been  We"  have  been 

You  have  been  You  have  been 

He  has  been  They  have  been 

PAST   PERFECT   TENSE   (siGN,    HAD). 

I  had  been  We  had  been 

You  had  been  You  had  been 

He  had  been  They  had  been 

FUTURE   PERFECT   TENSE    (SIGN,    SHALL   HAVE   OR   WILL   HAVE). 

I  shall  have  been  We  shall  have  been 

You  will  have  been  You  will  have  been 

He  will  have  been  They  will  have  been 

131.    VERB  DO. 
Principal  Parts.— Pres.,  do;  Past,  did;  Perf.  Part.,  done. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular  Plural 

I  do  We  do 

You  do  You  do 

He  does  They  do 

PAST   TENSE. 

I  did  We  did 

You  did  You  did 

He  did  They  did 

FUTURE   TENSE   (SIGN,    SHALL   OR   WILL). 

I  shall  do  We  shall  do 

You  will  do  You  will  do 

He  will  do  They  will  do 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  67 

PERFECT    TENSES. 

PRESENT  PERFECT  TENSE  (SIGN,  HAVE). 

Singular  Plural 

I  have  done  We  have  done 

You  have  done  You  have  done 

He  has  done  They  have  done 

PAST  PERFECT  TENSE  (SIGN,  HAD). 

I  had  done  We  had  done 

You  had  done         You  had  done 
He  had  done  They  had  done 

FUTURE   PERFECT   TENSE   (SEGN,    SHALL   HAVE   OR   WILL   HAVE). 

I  shall  have  done  We  shall  have  done 

You  will  have  done  You  will  have  done 

He  will  have  done  They  will  have  done 

132.  *        Imperative  Mode. 

The   imperative  mode   is   used  only  in  the  present 
tense,  second  person,  and  the  only  form  is  the  root. 
Singular  Plural 

f  Have  or  have  thou       Have  or  have  ye  or  you 
Person  \  ^^  ^^  ^^  thou  Be  or  be  ye  or  you 

(  Do  or  do  thou  Do  or  do  ye  or  you 

133.  Subjunctive  Mode. 

VERB  HAVE. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

If  I  have  If  we  have 

If  you  have  If  you  have 

If  he  have  If  they  have 


68 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


Singular 
If  I  had 
If  you  had 
If  he  had 


PAST   TENSE. 


Plural 
If  we  had 
If  you  had 
If  they  had 


PAST   PERFECT   TENSE. 


If  I  had  had 
If  you  had  had 
If  he  had  had 


If  I  be 
If  you  be 
If  he  be 

If  I  were 
If  you  were 
If  he  were 


If  we  had  had 
If  you  had  had 
If  they  had  had 

VERB   BE. 

PRESENT   TENSE. 

If  we  be 
If  you  be 
If  they  be 

PAST   TENSE. 

If  we  were 
If  you  were 
If  they  were 


PAST   PERFECT   TENSE. 


If  I  had  been 
If  you  had  been 
If  he  had  been 


If  we  had  been 
If  you  had  been 
If  they  had  been 


VERB  DO. 

PRESENT   TENSE. 


If  I  do 
If  you  do 
If  he  do 


If  we  do 
If  you  do 
If  they  do 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


69 


Singular 
If  I  did 

PAST   TENSE. 

Plural 
If  we  did 

If  you  did 
If  he  did 

If  you  did 
If  they  did 

PAST   PERFECT   TENSE. 

If  I  had  done 

If  we  had  done 

If  you  had  done 

If  you  had  done 

If  he  had  done 

If  they  had  done 

Infinitives. 

Pres. 
To  have 

Perf. 
To  have  had 

To  be 

To  have  been 

To  do 

To  have  done 

Pres. 
Having 
Being 

Participles. 

Compound 
Perf.                         Perf. 

Had                  Having  had 
Been                 Having  been 

Doing 

Done                Having  done 

134.  THE  VERB  DRIVE  (PROGRESSIVE  AND  PASSIVE). 

Indicative  Mode. 


Singular 
Prog. 
I  am 

You  are     driving  driven 
He  is         driving  driven 


PRESENT   TENSE. 


driving  driven 


Plural 

Prog.  Pass. 
We  are  driving  driven 
You  are  driving  driven 
They  are     driving  driven 


70  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

PAST   TENSE. 

Singular  Plural 

I  was         driving  driven  We  were     driving  driven 

You  were  driving  driven  You  were    driving  driven 

He  was      driving  driven  They  were  driving  driven 

FUTURE   TENSE. 

I  shall  be  driving  driven  We  shall  be  driving  driven 
You  will  be  driving  driven  You  will  be  driving  driven 
He  will  be    driving  driven       They  will  be  driving  driven 

PRESENT  PERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular 

Prog.  Pass. 

I  have  been  driving  driven 

You  have  been     driving  driven 

He  has  been         driving  driven 

Plural 

We  have  been      driving  driven 

You  have  been    driving  driven 

They  have  been  driving  driven 

PAST   PERFECT   TENSE. 

-  Singular 
I  had  been  driving  driven 

You  had  been      driving  driven 
He  had  been         driving  driven 

Plural 
We  had  been        driving  driven 
You  had  been       driving  driven 
They  had  been     driving  driven 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  71 

FUTURE    PERFECT    TENSE 

Singular 

Prog.     Pass, 

I  shall  have  been  driving  driven 

You  will  have  been  driving  driven 

He  will  have  been  driving  driven 

Plural 

Prog.     Pass, 

We  shall  have  been  driving  driven 

You  will  have  been  driving  driven 

They  will  have  been  driving  driven 

Infinitives. 

'     Present  Progressive  To  be  driving 

Present  Passive  To  be  driven 

Perfect  Progressive  To  hav^e  been  driving 

Perfect  Passive  To  have  been  driven 

Participles. 

Passive  Progressive  Being  driven 

Perfect  Active  or  Passive  Driven 

Compound  Perfect  Progressive  Having  been  driving 

Compound  Perfect  Passive  Having  been  driven 

135.  Subjunctive  Mode. 

The  progressive  and  the  passive   forms  of  the  three 
tenses  of  the  subjunctive  mode  are  now  known,  since 


72 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


Pass, 
driven 
driven 
driven 


they  are  made  by  adding  the  imperfect  and  the  passive 
participle  to  the  subjunctive  forms  of  be.     Thus: 

Prog. 
Present         If  I  be  driving 

Past  If  I  were  driving 

Past  Perf.  If  I  had  been  driving 
The  voice  of  a  perfect  participle  cannot  be  deter- 
mined from  its  form;  but  when  it  is  used  in  a  sentence, 
or  even  in  a  verb-phrase,  an  infinitive,  or  a  compound 
participle,  the  voice  is  at  once  evident.  In  the  active 
voice,  the  perfect  participle  is  used  in  combination  with 
HAVE,  to  form  the  three  perfect  tenses  and  the  compound 
participle.  When  used  without  an  auxiliary,  or  in  com- 
bination with  some  form  of  be,  it  is  passive. 

Examples :  I  have  driven  the  horse  ten  miles.  (Active.) 
The  son,  crowned  with  blessing,  took  his  leave.  (Pass.) 
He  was  driven  to  his  cage  by  the  keeper.     (Pass.) 

— Adapted  from  Metealfs  English  Grammar. 
136.    Conjugate  the  following  words: 

Present 
sit 

catch 
speak 
strike 
take 
know 
begin 
grow 


Past 

sat 

Perfect 
Participle 

sat 

caught 

caught 

spoke 
struck 

spoken 
struck,  stricken 

took 

taken 

knew 

known 

began 

begun 

grew 

grown 

PROGKESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  73 


smg 

sang 

sung 

go 

went 

gone 

lay 

laid 

laid 

come 

came 

come 

fly 

flew 

flown 

137.  The  verb  is  parsed  by  telling  whether  it  is  regu- 
lar or  irregular,  and  why;  by  giving  its  principal  parts; 
telling  whether  it  is  transitive  or  intransitive,  and,  if 
transitive,  stating  its  object  and  its  voice;  stating  its 
mode,  tense,  number,  and  person;  and  the  reason  in  each 
case. 

PARSE  THE  VERBS  IN  THE  FOLLOWING  SENTENCES: 

1.  What  is  he,  whose  grief  bears  such  an  emphasis? 

2.  In  full-blown  dignity  see  Wolsey  stand, 
Law  in  his  voice  and  fortune  in  his  hand: 

To  him  the  church,  the  realm,  their  power  consign, 
Through  him  the  rays  of  regal  bounty  shine. 
Turned  by  his  nod  the  stream  of  honor  flows, 
His  smile  alone  security  bestows. 

3.  Milton!  thou  shouldst  be  living  at  this  hour. 

4.  I  came  not  to  steal  away  their  hearts. 

5.  In  an  hour  I  shall  have  finished  my  book. 

6.  I  could  lie  down  and  rest. 

7.  To  every  man  upon  this  earth  Death  cometh  soon  or  late. 

8.  I  have  called  to  ask  Mary  to  John's  party. 

9.  Long  before  the  sound  of  the  report  can  roll  up  the  river, 
the  whole  pent-up. life  and  energy  which  has  been  held  in  leash, 
as  it  were,  for  the  last  six  minutes,  is  loosed,  and  breaks  away 
with  a  bound  and  a  dash  which  he  who  has  felt  it  will  remember 
for  his  life,  but  the  like  of  which  will  he  ever  feel  again? 

10.  It  was  dangerous  to  trust  the  sincerity  of  the  emperor;  to 
seem  to  distrust  it  was  still  more  dangerous. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

ADVEEBS. 

138.    The  central  object  of  my  mental  picture 
Adverbs  n  .•      • 

may  periorm  an  action  m  a  certam  manner, 

which  is  indicated  by  a  class  of  words  called  adverbs. 

Example :    The  man  walked  quickly,  slowly,  softly,  heavily, 

etc. 

^  139.    I  may  indicate  the  time  of  the  action 

by  other  adverbs.    Examples:  T\iQ  m.dj\.  now 

^       ,  came.     He  then  opened  the  door.     He  will 

be  here  soo7i.     Under  adverbs  of   time  we 

may  place  adverbs  of  number;  once,  twice,  firstly,  secondly. 

140.    Adverbs  used  in  asking  questions 
^     ^     are  often  called  interrogative  adverbs. 
Examples:     Where   may   he   be   found? 
Why  is  he  here  ? 

I  may  wish  to  modify  the  meaning  of  a  quality ;  as,  He  ^ 
is  an  EXTREMELY  had  boy;  he  is  only  slightly  crippled. 
Adverbs  modify  adjectives.     In  like  manner  adverbs  may 
be  modified  by  adverbs;  as.  This  was  very  ^vell  done. 

141.   A  CONJUNCTIVE  ADVERB  is  an  abverb 

•^  that  modifies  the  meaning  of  a  verb,  an 

adjective,  or  another  adverb  in  a  subordi- 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


75 


nate  clause,  and  also  connects  that  clause  with  the  prin- 
cipal clause. 


Comparison 
of  Adverbs 

of  comparison, 

Positive 
badly 
ill 
well 
much 
little 
far 
forth 


142.    Some    adverbs    are    compared    like 
adjectives.     Some  have  more  and  most,  less 
and  least,  joined  to  them  to  denote  degrees 
A  few  are  compared  irregularly. 

Comparative  Superlative 

worst 


worse 

better 

more 

less 

farther 

further 


best 

most 

least 

farthest 

furthest 

Adverbs 
His  horse  travels  fast. 
Light  moves  faster  than 
sound, 
ing.  He  spoke  longest. 

143.  "Illiterate  persons  often  forget  that  adjectives  go  with 
nouns  and  pronouns,  but  adverbs  with  verbs,  adjectives,  and 
adverbs.  Even  cultivated  persons  are  sometimes  in  doubt  whether 
to  use  an  adjective  or  an  adverb  after  certain  verbs;  as,  grow, 
look,  sound,  smell,  taste, 

"If  the  added  word  applies  to  the  subject  of  the  verb,  it  should 
be  an  adjective;  if  to  the  verb,  it  should  be  an  adverb.  We  say, 
'We  feel  warm,*  when  we  mean  that  we  are  warm;  we  say,  *We 
feel  warmly  on  this  subject,'  when  we  mean  that  our  feeling  is 


Examples : 

Adjectives 
He  owns  a  fast  automobile. 
I  shall  go  on  a  faster  train. 
The  longest  lane  has  a  turn- 


76  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

warm.  As  a  rule,  it  is  proper  to  use  an  adjective  whenever  some 
form  of  the  verb  'to  be'  or  'to  seem'  may  be  substituted  for  the 
verb,  an  adverb  when  no  such  substitution  can  be  made.  Thus, 
'He  looked  angry;  He  spoke  angrily.''  Sometimes  we  may  use 
either  adjective  or  adverb  with  no  difference  in  meaning;  as,  'We 
were  sitting  quiet  {quietly)  round  the  fire.'  " — Buehler's  English. 

144.  Note. — a.  Do  not  split  an  infinitive.  He  preferred  not 
to  walk,  is  correct.    He  preferred  to  not  walk,  is  incorrect. 

h.  Adverbs  should  be  so  placed  that  there  will  be  no  doubt  as 
to  the  words  they  modify.  "I  wish  only  to  order  fifty  books," 
implies  that  I  do  not  wish  to  deliver  them  or  do  anything  else  with 
them  than  order  them;  whereas,  if  it  is  desired  to  restrict  the 
number  ordered  to  fifty,  it  should  be,  "  I  wish  to  order  only  fifty 
books. 

c.  When  two  negatives  are  used  the  sentence  is  equivalent  to 
an  affirmative.    I  never  said  nothing  (I  did  say  something). 

d.  The  position  of  the  adverb  should  not  be  such  as  to  make 
the  wrong  verb  negative;  as,  "I  do  not  think  I  shall  go."  The 
speaker  does  think  that  he  will  not  go,  and  the  sentence  should 
therefore  read,  "I  think  I  shall  not  go." 

145.    SELECT  THE  ADVERBS,   TELL  THE  KIND  AND 
WHAT  THEY  MODIFY. 

1.  Now  comes  the  race. 

2.  The  train  moves  so  slowly  that  it  will  probably  stop. 

3.  He  is  always  here  once  a  year. 

4.  He  seldom  comes  back  early. 

5.  He  will  certainly  return. 

6.  The  sailor  afterward  threw  the  rope. 

7.  She  fell  heavily  from  the  carriage  yesterday. 

8.  Why  did  you  leave  the  room  so  suddenly? 

9.  She  is  always  truly  grateful. 

10.  The  deed  was  very  gracefully  done. 

11.  Your  paper  was  written  neatly  and  carefully. 

12.  He  worked  rapidly  but  painfully. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  77 

13.  He  rarely  fails. 

14.  The  captain  was  entirely  wrong. 

15.  Speak  distinctly,  and  not  so  rapidly. 

16.  He  gladly  obeyed  the  summons. 

17.  She  gently  kissed  the  sick  child. 

18.  The  hammock  swayed  slowly  in  the  breeze  and  the  leaves 
lightly  fluttered  to  the  ground. 

19.  We  boldly  walked  forth  into  the  darkness. 

20.  Micawber  never  worked  regularly. 

21.  They  thus  marched  out. 

22.  Speak  gently  to  every  one. 

23.  People  now  travel  faster  than  formerly. 

24.  A  very  fine  hotel  safely  sheltered  the  visitors. 

25.  The  fields  will  soon  be  ploughed. 

26.  Your  letter  should  be  mailed  now. 

27.  He  always  keeps  his  word. 

28.  He  usually  rings  the  bell  then. 

29.  Herein  is  the  solution  of  the  problem. 

30.  Hither  comes  the  procession. 

31.  He  has  recently  returned  from  South  Africa. 

32.  He  often  spe^s  glibly. 

33.  He  will  soon  be  very  proficient  in  stenography. 

34.  The  door  was  partly  open. 

35.  The  message  came  too  late. 

36.  I  will  finish,  perhaps  in  an  hour. 

37.  John  is  quite  well. 

38.  "The  hare  ran  much  faster  than  I  did,"  said  the  tortoise, 
"but  I  gained  the  race  quite  easily." 

39.  The  ancients  were  entirely  wrong  in  their  belief  that  the 
earth  is  flat. 

146.  MAKE  SENTENCES  IN  WHICH  THE  FOLLOWING 
WORDS  SHALL  BE  USED  AS  ADVERBS: 
now  here  least  rather 

always  probably  truly  less 

somehow  thus  often  hence 


78 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


once 

seldom 

out 

rarely 

soon 

back 

almost 

well 

greatly 

less 

so 

perhaps 

not 

otherwise 

yonder 

certainly 

afterward 

everywhere 

early 

where 

nowhere 

ever 

enough 

when 

147.    TELL  WHAT  ADVERB  IS  DERIVED  FROM  EACH 
OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADJECTIVES : 


148. 


slow 

sad 

quick 

firm 

bright 

steady 

meek 

pretty 

stupid 

close 

mean 

rude 

ready 

mild 

dreadful 

rough 

angry 

bad 

frank 

sleepy 

able 

glad 

real 

dreary 

keen 

polite 

loose 

happy 

light 

kind 

sharp 

harsh 

simple 

spiteful 

smooth 

straight 

.       COMPARE    THE   FOLLOWING  ADVERBS: 

often 

hastily 

quickly 

miserly 

freely 

seldom 

simply 

suddenly 

prudently 

abundantly 

nearly 

sincerely 

Recapitulation 


149.  An  ADVERB  is  a  word  used  to 
modify  the  meaning  of  a  verb,  an  ad- 
jective, or  another  adverb :  He  walks  swiftly;  the  orange 
is  very  large ;  he  talks  too  fast. 

An  ADVERB  OF  PLACE  answers  the  question  ivhere?  — 
as,  here,  there,  away,  yonder. 

An  ADVERB  OF   TIME  answers  the  question  when?  — 
as,  now,  then,  soon,  often,  recently. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  79 

An  ADVERB  OF  MANNER  answers  the  question  lioiv?  — 
as,  justly,  hravely,  neatly,  thoroughly. 

An  ADVERB  OF  DEGREE  answers  the  question  to  what 
extent?  —  as,  much,  greatly. 

Many  adverbs  are  compared  like  adjectives ;  as, 
soon  sooner  soonest 

wisely  more  wisely  most  wisely 

well  better  best 


CHAPTER  XV. 

PEEPOSITIONS. 

150.  My  mental  picture  may  contain 
P  several  boys  occupying  various  relations 

to  an  old  wagon.  In  designating  each  boy,  I  may  refer 
to  liim  as  follows : 

The  boy  under  the  wagon. 

The  boy  in  the  wagon. 

The  boy  beside  the  wagon. 

The  boy  above  the  wagon. 

The  boy  beyond  the  wagon. 

The  boy  behind  the  wagon. 

The  boy  on  the  wagon. 

These  words  showing  the  relationship  of  the  things 
represented  by  the  nouns  are  prepositions. 

A  noun  may  be  related  to  some  action ;  as,  The  bird 
flew  ove7'  the  river.  Or  to  some  quality;  as,  The  man 
was  bright  in  mathematics. 

151.    The  list  of  prepositions  is: 


about 

after 

amidst 

athwart 

above 

against 

among 

at 

aboard 

along 

amongst 

before 

across 

amid 

around 

behind 

80 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


81 


below 

beneath 

beside 

between 

betwixt 

beyond 

but 

by 


down 

during 

ere 

except 

for 

from 

in 

into 

of 


on 

over 
past 
round 
through 


under 

underneath 

until 

unto 

up 


4^^ 


throughout  upon 

till  with 

to  within 

toward  without 


Special  Words 
Requiring 
Special 
Prepositions 


152.    Prepositions  must  be  appropriate 
to  the  words  to  which  they  relate. 

Good  use  requires  special  prepositions  (^QH    t-  • 
with  certain  words. 
Acquit  of. 

Abhorrence  of. 

Adapted  to  (a  thing),  for  (a  purpose),  from  (an  author). 

Absolve  from  (a  crime). 

Accord  with  (a  person). 

Appropriate   to  (ourselves),  for  (a  charity),  from  (an 
author). 

Attend  to  (listen),  upon  (wait). 

Bestow  upon  (persons),  in  (places). 

Bathe  in  (sea),  for  (cleanliness),  with  (water). 

Besiege  in  (positions),  with  (weapons). 

Befriend  in  (need),  with  (money),  for  (love). 

Correspond  to  or  with  (a  thing),  with  (a  person). 

Change  for  (a  thing),  with  (a  person). 


82 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 


Confer  on  (give  to),  with  (talk  to). 
Confide  in  (to  place  confidence),  to  (interest). 
Converse  with  (persons),  about  (subjects). 
Conform  to  (in  conformity  with  or  to). 
V  Differ  from  or  with  (in  opinion). 
Disappointed  of  (what  we  have). 
Disappointed  in  (what  we  have). 
Dependent  on  (but  independent  of). 
Employ  in  (to  occupy). 
Employ  for  (a  reason). 
Enter  into  (agreements). 
Enter  upon  (duties). 
Enter  in  (a  record). 
.  Enter  at  (a  given  point). 
Familiarize  to  (scenes),  with  (a  business). 
Martyr  for  (cause),  to  (connections). 
Part  from  (friend),  with  (money). 
Reconcile  to  (friend),  with  (condition). 

153.   USE  THE  PROPER  PREPOSITIONS  WITH  THESE 


WORDS 

zealous 

grief 

taste  (noun) 

abhorrence 

affinity 

part (verb) 

kind 

embark 

obliged 

absolve 

conform 

reed  (noun) 

accommodate 

question 

free 

yield 

converse 

profit  (verb) 

accord 

believe 

glad 

argue 

correspond 

vexed 

necessity 

differ 

change 

write 

martyr 

dissent  (verb) 

PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  83 


154.    INSERT    THE   PROPER    PREPOSITION   IN   EACH 
BLANK. 

1.  They  will  acquit  him stealing. 

2.  The  teacher  had  an  abhorrence cheating. 

3.  This  composition  was  adapted that  author. 

4.  He  was  adapted his  position. 

5.  The  machine  was  adapted this  purpose. 

6.  He  will  be  absolved this  crime. 

7.  The  boy  was accord his  instructor. 

8.  We  will  appropriate ourselves this  money. 

9.  The  mayor  appropriated  a  large  sum the  small  parks. 

10.  Mr.  Carnegie  will  bestow  millions worthy  boys  who 

desire  an  education. 

11.  He  has  bestowed  large  sums Pittsburg. 

12.  I  will  attend  carefully the  lecture. 

13.  I  will  attend the  king. 

14.  This  date  corresponds the  previous  one. 

15.  I  correspond her. 

16.  The  committee  will  confer him  a  gold  medal. 

17.  The  general  will  confer the  emperor. 

18.  The  child  will  confide her  mother. 

19.  I  will  confide  the  purse you. 

20.  He  entered business any  capital. 

21.  The  children  play the  street. 

22.  He  is  zealous good  works. 

23.  He  is  zealous this  enterprise. 

24.  Moses  received  the  laws the  people  on  Mount  Sinai. 

25.  Evangeline  died Philadelphia. 


Phrases 


155.    Phrases  are  classified  as: 

1.  Prepositional 

2.  Participial 

3.  Infinitive 


84  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

156.    A  phrase  may  be  used  as  a  noun,  adjective,  or  an 
adverb. 


157.  The  noun  which  is  related  to  some  other  word  by 
the  preposition  is  the  object  of  the  preposition.  The  pre- 
position and  its  object  form  the  pkepositional  phkase. 

158.     Prepositional    Phrases    must    be 

^  placed  so  as  to  show  clearly  what  words 

they  modifiy.     He  went  to  town  taking,  his_  horse  with 

him  in^a  private  car,  should  read,  He  went  to  town  in  a 

private  car,  taking  his  horse  with  him. 

159.  A  phrase  modifying  a  noun  is  an  adjective 
PHRASE.     Example :   The  man  from  Chicago  is  an  artist. 

160.  A  phrase  modifying  a  verb,  an  adjective,  or  an 
adverb  is  an  adverbial  phrase.  Examples:  He  came 
from  Arizona.     He  was  bright  in  language. 

161.  Phrases  containing  participles  are  often 

^      used  as  adjectives  or  nouns.    Examples:    My 

girls  enjoy  ^playing  in  the  yard.    (Object.)     A  letter  was 

received  calling  him   to  his  home.    (Adjective.)     Truth, 

crushed  to  earth,  shall  rise  again.   (Adjective.) 

162.  The  infinitive  phrase  is  often  used  as 
a  noun,  an  adjective,  or  an  adverb.  Examples: 
He  wished  to  read  the  letter.  (Object  of  the  verb.)  I 
have  something  to  do.  (Adjective.)  He  went  to  reap  the 
harvest.  (Adverb  modifying  a  verb.)  He  was  anxious  to 
learn.   (Adverb  modifying  an  adjective.) 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  85 

163.  POINT  OUT  THE  PHRASES.  NAME  KINDS.  TELL 
WHAT  THEY  MODIFY.  NAME  PART  OF  SPEECH 
BY  WHICH  EACH  PHRASE  IS  INTRODUCED. 

1.  The  people  of  London  were  delighted  ^t^the^epeal  qf^e 
SJampAct. 

2.  In  1858  Senator  Douglas  was  a  candidate  forje-eIection_to 
tl^e  Senate,  and  the  Republicans  of  Illinois  put  forward  Abraham 
Lincoln  as  a  rival  candidate. 

3.  TTnflTVli^to  fiRR  his  way,  he  waited  through  thenight. 

4.  That  mountain  ii^^ll  view  is  Mount  Shasta. 

5.  At  the  time  ot^he  Sepoy  rebellion  a  famous  Hindoo  chief 
was  captured  by  the  English^  " 

6.  A  bird  in  the  hand  is  worth  two  in  the  bush. 


7.  Se^ingthe  bandit  brought  the  startled  soldiers  to  a  sense 
of  their  peril. 

H.  To  capture  the  enemy  required  all  the  bravery  of  the  brigade^ 
9.  He  hates  tp  give  a  penny  t;^_aubeneyolent  cause. 

10.  Good  to  forgive,  best  to  forget. 

11.  The  lady  singing  in  the  choir  glanced  at  the  poor  little  child 
and  sang  with  great  sweetness  for  him  alone. 

12.  The  man  dreaded  to  receive  the  news  of  the  loss  of  his  ship. 

13.  For  the  past  four  years  the  attitude  of  the  German  govern- 
ment toward  us  has  been  not  only  kind,  but  friendly. 

14.  It  is  unnecessary  to  announce  that  our  navy  can  whip  the 
Kaiser's  with  one  hand  tied  behind  its  back. 

15.  The  two  kings  conferred  with  each  other  for  two  hours. 

16.  Harvard  has  conferred  on  my  father  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts. 

17.  We  make  this  offer  to  our  friends  in  acknowledgment  of 
their  courtesy  in  introducing  us  into  society. 

18.  We  are  within  seven  miles  of  Evanston. 

19.  Many  people  feel  an  abhorrence  for  spiders. 

20.  He  divided  his  estate  among  his  children. 

21.  Much  of  the  tin  of  commerce  comes  from  the  island  of 
Singapore. 


86  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

22.  Commodore  Perry  forced  the  Japanese  to  open  their  ports 
to  foreigners. 

P    -       -  164.    Be  careful  of  inserting  prepositions 

Prep'lI'siUons  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^• 


STRIKE  OUT  THE  REDUNDANT  PREPOSITIONS. 

1.  He  met  a  girl  b|  about  ten  years  old. 

2.  Napoleon  stood  pondering  ttpon  what  he  should  do. 

3.  They  went  oi^  to  the  train. 

4.  Look  out  6C  the  door. 

5.  A  workman  fell  off  Oi^the  roof. 

6.  We  must  examine  intQ  this  statement  more  carefully. 

7.  That  child  copies  scHox  her  teacher. 

8.  Where  is  she  ^? 

9.  Where  are  you  going  ta^ 

10.  He  is  a  young  man  dfsfrom  twenty  to  twenty-five  years  of 
age. 

165.    A   PHRASE   is  a  group  of   words 
Recapitulation  ^^^^  subject  and  predicate)  used  as  a 

single  part  of  speech. 

A  PREPOSITIONAL  PHRASE  consists  of  a  preposition  and 
its  object. 

A  PARTICIPIAL  PHRASE  is  introduced  by  the  participial 
form  of  the  verb. 

An  INFINITIVE  PHRASE  is  introduced  by  the  infinitive 
form  of  the  verb. 

An  ADJECTIVE  PHRASE  modifies  a  noun. 

An  ADVERBIAL  PHRASE  modifies  a  verb,  an  adjective, 
or  an  adverb. 


CHAPTER  XYL 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

166.    A  CONJUNCTION  is  a  word  used  to 
onjunc  ions    ^Qj^j^g(3|^  words,  phrases,  or  sentences  that 
are  alike  in  grammatical  use  or  construction. 

167.  POINT   OUT   CONJUNCTIONS   IN   THE   FOLLOW- 
ING  SENTENCES: 

1.  Do  not  despair,  neither  give  up  your  high  aim. 

2.  He  will  begin  early,  so  the  children  will  be  here  at  eight. 

3.  The  men  brought  the  rich  pearl,  consequently  the  judge 
discharged  them. 

4.  You  must  return  the  book,  or  I  shall  lose  the  lesson. 

5.  He  chose  the  poorer,  yet  he  is  accounted  sensible. 

6.  He  has  succeeded    beyond    his  expectations,  still   he  is 
struggling  on  without  rest." 

7.  The  general  was  captured,  however  he  would  never  own 
defeat. 

8.  Either  you  will  go  or  I  shall  resign. 

9.  The  man   caught  the  tlsh,  because  he  was  an  adept  at 
angling. 

10.  The  forest  was  gloomy,  moreover  the  rain  began  to  fall. 

11.  The  young  man  was  taken  for  a  thief,  whereas  he  was  the 
popular  orator. 

12.  You  are  as  tall  as  I. 

13.  This  is  as  sweet  as  honey. 

14.  No,  'tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nor  as  wide  as  a  church  door. 

87 


88  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

168.    Some    co-ordinate  conjunctions    are 
Correlatives         -,   .         .      ,  ,    ,,  ^      p 

used  m  pairs  to  connect  the  parts  of  a 

sentence.     They  are  then  called  correlative. 

169.  The  chief  correlatives  are  either  —  or,  neither  — 
nor,  both  —  and,  not  only  —  but  also,  as  well  —  as,  as  — 
so,  so  —  that. 

170.  Each  number  of  a  pair  of  correlatives  is  placed 
before  the  same  part  of  speech.  Example:  I  regret  not 
only  my  impatience,  hut  also  the  impatience  of  others. 

The  list  below  includes  those  most  frequently  used : 
accordingly  neither 

and  notwithstanding 

also  nor 

both  so 

because  still 

but  so  then 

consequently  thus 

either  than 

else  therefore 

farther  otherwise 

however  wherefore 

Examples : 

1.  He  was  neither  rich  nor  poor. 

2.  He  was  not  only  talented,  but  also  rich. 

3.  The  boat  was  stanch  as  well  as  beautiful. 

4.  Both  the  ties  of  family  and  the  love  of  country 
induced  him  to  return. 

5.  He  is  not  so  strong  as  ambitious. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  89 

INTERJECTIONS. 

171.    There   are  a  few  words    that  are 

^  sometimes   used   in    sentences    to    make 

exclamations,  or  express  some  strong  feeling;    such  as, 

0  !  oh  !  ah  !  pshaw  1  hello  !  hurrah  !  halleluliah !     These 

are  called  interjections. 

The  name  interjection  signifies  something  that  is  m^er- 
jectecl,  or  thrown  into  the  midst  of  something  else;  and 
this  something  else  is  the  sentence  as  made  up  of  the 
other  parts  of  speech. 

Though  it  is  proper  enough,  because  convenient,  to  call 
the  interjection  a  part  of  speech,  they  are  not  in  the  same 
sense  as  the  others.  Each  interjection  is,  in  a  certain 
way,  an  undivided  sentence,  put  in  the  language  of  feel- 
ing rather  than  in  tliat  of  reason. 

172.    The    following    couplets   have 

Recapitulation  of     o.  i        c  ^   -     -    ^    ^-2  • 

^     ,        ^  r^         ,      otten  proved  useful  m  mdentifymg 
Parts  of  Speech    ,,        ^     ^  ,  ^    ^ 

the  parts  or  speech: 

Three  little  words  we  often  see, 
Are  Articles,  a,  an,  and  the. 

A  Noun's  the  name  of  anything; 
As  school  or  garden,  hoop  or  swing. 

Adjectives  tell  the  kind  of  noun ; 

As  great,  small,  pretty,  white,  or  brown. 

Instead  of  nouns  the  Pronouns  stand; 
His  head,  her  hat,  your  arm,  my  hand. 


90  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

Verbs  tell  of  something  being  done ; 

As  read,  write,  spell,  sing,  jump,  or  run. 

How  things  are  done  the  Adverbs  tell; 
As  slowly,  quickly,  ill,  or  well. 

They  also  tell  us  where  and  when; 
As  here  and  there,  and  now  and  then. 

A  Preposition  stands  before    - 
A  noun ;  as  in  or  through  a  door. 

Conjunctions  join  the  words  together; 
As  rain  and  sunshine,  wind  or  weather. 

Conjunctions  sentences  unite; 

As  kittens  scratch  and  puppies  bite. 

An  Interjection  shows  surprise; 
As,  Oh!  how  pretty!   Ah!  how  wise! 

173.  The  part  of  speech  is  determined  by  its  use  in  the 
sentence.  Example:  Forward  march!  (Adverb.)  Forward 
'the  letter.  (Verb.)  The  forward  movement  will  benefit 
many.  (Adjective.)  The  "Forward"  is  an  interesting 
paper.    (Noun.) 

TELL    THE    USE    OF    EACH    WORD    ITALICIZED    IN 
THE    FOLLOWING   SENTENCES: 

1.  Bear  ye  one  another's  burdens. 

2.  The  hear  hibernates  in  the  winter. 

3.  The  hear  skin  lay  on  the  floor. 

4.  The  flag  waved  over  the  fort. 

5.  They  flagged  the  train. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  91 

6.  This  is  'pungent  flag  root. 

7.  A  little  child  shall  lead  them. 

8.  Little  was  expected  of  the  delicate  child. 

9.  That  unwise  student  sleeps  little. 

10.  He  belittled  the  action. 

11.  The  blue  sky  was  gemmed  with  stars. 

12.  Blue  is  a  favorite  color. 

13.  The  laundress  blued  the  clothes. 

14.  The  prisoner  paid  his  fine. 

15.  Fine  feathers  do  not  make  fine  birds. 

16.  The  man  was  fined  two  hundred  dollars. 

17.  The  hoj  did  finely. 

18.  John  is  head  of  the  firm. 

19.  Who  heads  the  expedition? 

20.  The  Atlantic  liner  weathered  the  gale. 

21.  The  weather  was  cold  for  June. 

22.  The  sailor  must  keep  his  weather  eye  open. 

23.  She  was  light  hearted, 

24.  The  town  was  well  lighted. 

25.  The  electric  lights  illumine  the  streets. 

26.  He  spoke  too  lightly  of  the  solemn  subject. 

27.  Bishop  Spalding  is  an  eminent  divine, 
j?8.  The  hand  that  made  us  is  divine. 

29.  He  divined  the  meaning  instantly. 

30.  She  was  divinely  fair. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

CASE. 

174.    A  noun  or  pronoun  used  as  the  sub- 
omina  ive    ^^^^  ^^  ^  sentence  is  in  the  nominative  case. 
Example:    The  Shamrock  is  a  sailing-vessel.     The  predi- 
cate noun  is  also  in  the  nominative  case.     Example: 
The  man  is  a  cohhler. 


Direct 
Address 

to  me. 


175.  A  noun  may  be  used  independently, 
and  is  then  in  the  nominative  case,  by 
DIRECT  ADDRESS.      Example:    John,  come 


176.    The  meaning  of  a  noun  is  often  made 
^^  more  clear  by  another  noun  which  explains 

or  emphasizes  it.  A  noun  used  in  this  way  is  said  to  be 
in  APPOSITION  to  another  noun.  Example :  John,  the  sailor, 
came.  This  man  was  Elliot,  the  photographer.  They  loved 
Mary,  Queen  of  Scots. 

177.    An  APPOSITIVE  must  be  in  the  same  case  as  the 
noun  or  pronoun  which  it  represents. 

178.    A  noun  denoting  ownership  is  in  the 
Possessive     possessive  case. 

Nouns  in  the  singular  number  form  the  possessive  by 
adding  apostrophe  and  s  ('s). 

92 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  93 

Nouns  in  the  singular,  ending  in  s,  usually  add  only 
the  apostrophe.     Example :   Moses'  rod  became  a  serpent. 

Many  good  writers  show  a  preference  for  using  both 
the  apostrophe  and  s.     Example :  James's  brother  is  here. 

179.   When  the  plural  ends  in  s  the  apos- 
Possessive 

trophe  only  is  added.    In  case  of  irregular 

formation  of  plural,  the  apostrophe  and  5  are 

added.    Example :  The  children's  dresses  are  finished. 

180.  Compound  words  take  the  possessive  sign  at  the 
end.     Example :    My  sister-in-law's  hat  blew  off. 

181.  Of  two  or  more  nouns  indicating  common  owner- 
ship, the  last  only  takes  the  possessive  sign.  Example : 
Brown  and  White's  store  was  burned. 

182.  If  no  common  possession  is  implied,  each  noun 
in  a  series  must  have  the  possessive  sign.  Example: 
He  lost  John's,  Mary's,  and  James's  addresses. 

183.  Possession  may  often  be  more  elegantly  expressed 
by  a  phrase.  Example:  Grant's  victory  — The  victory 
of  Grant. 

184.  Names  of  inanimate  objects,  when  not  personified, 
seldom  take  the  possessive  form.  Example:  The  color 
of  the  grass;  not  the  grass's  color. 

185.  Although  the  preposition  of  is  frequently  used  in  place 
of  the  apostrophe  and  s,  to  express  possession,  still  it  sometimes 
happens  that,  to  avoid  ambiguity,  both  are  used  in  the  same 


Direct  and 

Indirect 

Objects 


94  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

sentence;  as,  This  sketch  of  my  son^s  pleased  me.  (Preferably,  my 
son's  sketch.)  The  expression.  This  sketch  of  my  son,  may  have 
two  meanings.    What  are  they? 

186.    The  object  of  a  transitive  verb  or 
jcc  ive        preposition  is  in  the  objective  case. 

187.  The  subject  of  an  infinitive  is  in  the  object- 
ive  CASE. 

188.  A  few  verbs  in  the  language  may 
be  followed  by  two  objects,  one  called  the 
DIRECT  and  the  other  the  indirect  object. 
Example:  My  mother  pro7nised  me  the 
money.  Me  and  money  both  appear  as  objects  of  the 
verb,  but  if  the  sentence  is  rearranged :  My  mother  prom- 
ised the  money  to  me.  '  Me  is  the  object  of  the  preposi- 
tion to,  while  money  is  the  object  of  the  verb.  The  object 
following  the  preposition,  expressed  or  understood,  is  in 
such  examples  the  indirect  object  of  the  verb ;  the  other 

IS  the  DIRECT  object. 

189.  Among  the  verbs  that  may  be  followed  by  two 
objects  are: 

Allow,  ask,  bring,  buy,  deny,  forgive,  gain,  get,  give, 
make,  obtain,  offer,  pay,  prepare,  procure,  promise,  provide, 
refuse,  sell,  send,  show,  teach,  tell,  write,  yield. 

Some  good  grammarians  regard  the  indirect  object  as 
an  adverbial  modifier  of  the  verb. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  95 


190.  REWRITE  THE  FOLLOWING  SENTENCES  SO  AS 
TO  SHOW  THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  DIRECT 
AND  INDIRECT  OBJECTS. 

1.  Will  you  allow  me  lawful  interest  on  the  note? 

2.  He  asked  me  two  questions. 

3.  The  boy  will  bring  his  mother  a  shawl. 

4.  The  father  bought  the  child  a  locket. 

5.  Do  not  deny  him  the  pleasure. 

6.  Forgive  us  our  debts  as  we  forgive  our  debtors. 

7.  He  promised  me  a  reward. 

8.  He  taught  the  child  a  much-needed  lesson. 

9.  The  teacher  gave  the  child  sufficient  instruction. 
10.  The  farmer  sent  me  two  bushels  of  apples. 

191.   Verbs  of  making,  creating,  appointing, 

^,  .  choosing,  etc.,  are  said  to  take  not  only  direct 

Object         u-    ^  t  . 

•^  objects,  but  factitive  objects. 

192.  The  factitive  object  is  said  to  denote  the  pro- 
duct of  the  action  denoted  by  the  verb;  as.  We  made  him 
president. 

Metcalf  caHs  the  factitive  object,  the  objective 
attribute;  Maxwell  calls  it  the  supplement. 

193.  This  FACTITIVE  OBJECT  expresses  some  attribute 
of  the  DIRECT  OBJECT,  and  may  be  a  noun  or  an  adjective. 

194.  When  the  verbs  in  such  sentences  are  used  in  the 
passive  voice,  the  factitive  object  becomes  a  predicate  noun 
or  adjective.  Example:  He  painted  the  house  red.  Here 
red  is  the  attribute  of  the  direct  object,  and  is  therefore 
the  factitive  object.     In  the  passive  voice  it  becomes  the 


96  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

predicate  adjective.  Example  :^  The  house  was  painted 
red.  This  construction  must,  however,  be  distinguished 
from  that  in  such  a  sentence  as,  They  saw  him  alive. 
Here  alive  is  an  appositive  adjective  modifier  of  him,  but 
does  not  become  so  through  the  help  of  the  verb.  Examples : 
They  made  the  automobile  noiseless.  The  university 
created  him  a  Doctor  of  Laws.  The  president  appointed 
him  consul.  The  judge  adjudged  him  insane.  The  people 
elected  him  senator.  The  committee  called  Ellis  chair- 
man.- They  made  the  order  outrageous.  Few  considered 
Wilkes  Booth  sane.  Many  regard  Cowper  a  great  poet. 
They  left  me  unhappy. 

195.    Nouns  and  pronouns  joined  with  parti- 
ciples to  form  an  adverbial  phrase  are  said 
to  be  used  absolutely.      Example:    The  cashier,  having 
absconded,  the  bank  wa^  closed;  which  is  equivalent  to: 
The  bank  was  closed  because  the  cashier  absconded. 

196.    GIVE  THE  CASE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  NOUNS: 

1.  A  clever  girl  has  written  of  the  dainty  presents  made  to 
her  classmate  at  graduation  time. 

2.  The  birthplace  of  the  Rhine  is  wrapped  in  mystery. 

3.  My  son,  improve  your  opportunities. 

4.  Dr.  Morrison,  correspondent  for  the  London  Times,  wrote 
an  interesting  account  of  the  siege. 

5.  The  art  of  making  cheap  steel  was  discovered  by  Henry 
Bessemer. 

6.  Dr.  Pepper,  of  Philadelphia,  was  a  public  benefactor. 

7.  Paul,  a  servant  of  God,  an  apostle  of  Jesus  Christ,  salutes 
you. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  97 

8.  The  president  called  for  Jones,  the  lawyer. 

9.  The  astronomer  g^zed  at  the  star,  Sirius,  flashing  low  down 
in  the  southwest. 

10.  Herschel,  the  astronomer,  displayed  more  energy  than  any 
scientist  of  his  age. 

11.  No  kingdom  in  Europe  has  been  subjected  to  so  many 
misfortunes  as  has  the  Polish  monarchy. 

12.  Have  mercy  upon  me,  O  God,  according  to  thy  loving- 
kindness. 

13.  The  fool  hath  said  in  his  heart,  "There  is  no  God." 

14.  A  great  feature  in  the  history  of  England,  during  the  reign 
of  Victoria,  was  the  astoxiishing  improvement  made  to  abridge 
human  labor. 

15.  The  present  Emperor  of  Japan  was  once  confined  in  his 
palace  and  worshiped  as  a  god. 

16.  He  called  for  Riley,  the  poet. 

17.  The  Yankees  admired  the  Confederate  general,  Stonewall 
Jackson. 

18.  On  the  fall  of  the  second  French  Empire,  the  Italian 
Government  took  possession  of  Rome,  and  the  people  were  invited 
to  choose  between  the  rule  of  Pope  or  King. 

19.  Blessed  is  he  that  considereth  the  poor. 

20.  The  Emperor  Alexander,  an  absolute  sovereign,  ruling  a 
population  of  85,000,000,  spread  over  9,000,000  of  square  miles, 
a  territory  of  greater  extent  than  all  Europe,  was  not  so  great  a 
tyrant  as  his  predecessor,  Nicholas. 

21.  The  perils  of  the  Empire  compelled  the  young  Emperor  to 
make  concessions  to  his  discontented  subjects. 

22.  A  fifth,  William  H.  Crawford,  was  nominated  by  the  con- 
gressional caucus. 

23.  Why  art  thou  cast  down,  O  my  soul?  and  why  art  thou 
disquieted  within  me. 

24.  A  Scotchman,  Robert  Owen,  founded  the  community.  New 
Harmony. 

25.  Just  one  year  after  the  memorable  fights  at  Concord  and 
Lexington,  the  colonies  declared  their  independence. 


98  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

197.    Case   is   that   modification   of  a 

ecapi  u  a  ion  ^^^^  ^^  pronoun  which  denotes  its  office 
in  the  sentence. 

The  NOMINATIVE,  used  as  the  subject  of  a  sentence :  He 
sings  the  song.  As  the  predicate  noun :  The  woman  is  a 
seamstress.  In  direct  address :  Charles,  please  go  to  the 
store. 

The  POSSESSIVE,  used  to  denote  possession  or  owner- 
ship :    The  boy  has  John's  hat. 

The  OBJECTIVE,  used  as  the  object  of  a  transitive  verb 
or  a  preposition. 

A  few  words  may  be  followed  by  two  objects,  one  called 
the  DIRECT,  and  the  other  the  indirect. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

SENTENCES. 

198.  We  have  learned  that  sentences  may 
be  used  to  state  or  declare  a  fact,  declarative; 

to  ask  a  question,  interrogative  ;  to  express  a  commaDd 
or  entreaty,  imperative.  This  classification  is  made  with 
regard  to  their  use. 

Sentences  are  classified  with  regard  to  their  structure 
as  SIMPLE,  COMPLEX,  and  compound. 

199.  A  simple  sentence  is  a  group  of  words 
^            expressing  a  complete  thought,  with  one  sub- 
ject or  predicate,  either  of  which  may  be  compound. 

Examples:  The  boy  went  to  the  city.  The  boy  and  the 
man  came  and  went. 

200.  A  complex  sentence  consists  of  a  simple 
Coniplex  sentenceT^ed  theprincipal^p^^I^nd 
j^m  edifying  clausg 

Example :   The  man  who  came  was  my  brother. 

The  clause  is  dependent  on  the  principal  proposition 
for  its  meaning,  and  cannot  express  a  statement  when 
standing  alone. 

Noun  and  201.  The  noun  and  adjective  clauses  are 
Adjective  usually  introduced  or  connected  by  a  CON- 
Clauses      junctive  or  relative  pronoun. 

99 


100  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

202.  Adverbial  clauses  are  introduced  by  con- 
junctive  adverbs  of  'place  \  as,  where,  whither , 
whence,  wherever. 
Example :    Whither  he  went  no  one  knew. 

203.  By  conjunctive  adverbs  of  time;  as,  when,  while, 
whenever,  hefore,  after,  since,  ere,  until,  as  soon  as. 

Example:   Before  the  dinner  hour  arrived  the  guest 
left  the  hotel. 

204.  By  conjunctive  adverbs  of  manner.     Example: 
We  paint  this  picture  as  we  have  been  taught. 

205.  By  conjunctive  adverbs   of  degree.     Example: 
The  man  is  not  so  rich  as  we  thought. 

206.  The  clause  may  be  used  as  an  adjective. 

The  Clause      Example :  The  rivers  which  overflow  their 

^^  f"^  .  banks   form    flood    plains.     As   an  adverb: 

^  The  Hindoos  suffer  from  famine  when  the 

monsoons  do  not  bring  moisture. 

207.  That  the  Eads  jetties  have  been  a  success 
Subject        .g  ^^^^  known. 

208.  The  poet  said:  "The  winds  against  the 
^Dject          stormy  sky  their  giant  branches  tossed." 

Predicate   ^^^    His  motto  is:   "Dare  to  do  right." 
Noun 

210.    The  story  that  we  have  moved  is 
In  Apposition  ^^^  ^^^^    jj^  ^^^  ^^  overwhelming  desire 

that  we  may  go. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  L;^  ENGLISH.  lO-l 

211.  Compound  sentences  consist  of  two  or 
uompoun     j^^j.^  simple  or  complex  sentences  joined  by 

a  conjunction.  Examples:  Yasco  de  Gama 
found  the  real  route  to  India,  but  Columbus  gave  to  the 
world  its  better  half.  When  the  army  arrived  the  prisoners 
were  released,  and  when  they  reached  home  joy  flowed 
like  a  river. 

212.    When  we  separate  a  sentence  into  its 
^  principal   parts,  subject   and    predicate,  and 

name  the  modifiers  of  each  and  the  complement  of  the 
verb,  we  analyze  a  sentence. 

213.  Order  of  Analysis :  Entire  subject,  entire  predicate, 
subject  (noun  or  pronoun),  modifiers  of  subject,  predicate 
verb,  modifiers^ and  attribute. 

214.      ANALYZE  THE  FOLLOWING  SENTENCES: 

1.  The  sea  which  washes  three  continents  is  again  a  highway 
of  commerce. 

2.  In  the  thirteenth  century,  when  money  was  becoming  a 
medium  of  exchange,  the  towns  increased  in  importance. 

3.  When  the  Jews  return  to  Palestine  the  most  important 
events  will  ensue. 

4.  The  question  that  he  asked  himself  was,  might  not  the 
fulfillment  of  his  dreams  lie  in  that  direction. 

5.  Chloroform,  which  was  first  used  in  England  in  1847,  was 
discovered  by  Guthrie  in  America  in  1831. 

6.  You  know  that  you  will  be  unhappy  without  friends. 

7.  Leaving  Honolulu,  the  train,  which  is  composed  of  tine 
American  cars,  passed  through  algerobe  forests,  and  rice  and 
taro  fields. 


1-02  FROGRSJ^SWi^;-  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

8.  Hawaii  yearns  for  the  white  farmer,  that  is,  the  working, 
plodding  farmer. 

9.  A  philosopher  has  said  that  a  man's  enemy,  who  calls  his 
attention  to  his  weaknesses,  is  in  reality  his  friend. 

10.  Sugar  will  be  the  mainstay  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  but  a 
diversity  of  interests  is  needed. 

11.  When  one  realizes  that  half  of  his  life  is  spent  in  bed  he 
must  regard  that  necessary  article  with  due  respect. 

12.  The  liberal  party  says  there  will  be  no  opposition. 

18.  The  bill  provides  that  no  child  under  sixteen  years  of  age 
shall  be  employed  unless  he  can  read  and  write 

14.  It  is  announced  that  the  association  had  raised  a  small 
sum  of  money. 

15.  I  have  been  young  and  am  now  old,  yet  have  I  not  seen  the 
righteous  forsaken  nor  his  seed  begging  bread. 

16.  Edmund  Gosse  declares  that  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  never  set 
foot  in  America. 

17.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  a  woman's  gown  of  the  eleventh 
century  might  not  be  out  of  place  in  a  modern  drawing-room. 

18.  This  was  a  spectacle  that  will  be  remembered  by  thou- 
sands. 

19.  That  young  people  learn  most  surely  by  example  is  con- 
ceded by  all. 

20.  The  number  of  people  that  have  written  their  names  large 
in  literature  who  were  the  children  of  clergymen  is  no  mere  coinci- 
dence. 

21.  Let  us  hope  that  he  always  knew  what  he  was  trying  to 
explain. 

22.  William  said,  "  Coleridge  was  the  only  great  man  whom  he 
had  met." 

23.  That  the  wealthy  and  influential  class  should  fear  change 
is  certainly  to  be  expected. 

24.  We  are  the  sons  of  God,  and  it  doth  not  yet  appear  what  we 
shall  be. 

25.  They  think  that  the  club  will  disband  soon. 

26.  Emerson  profoundly  says:  "  When  the  maker  of  the  universe 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  103 

has  points  to  carry  in  his  government,  he  impresses  his  will  in 
the  structure  of  minds." 

27.  Where  are  your  fathers,  who  sleep  at  Shiloh  and  Gettys- 
burg? 

28.  Every  mind  hath  suffered  some  injury,  and  every  heart  is. 
heavy  with  some  pain. 

29.  Beethoven  tells  us  his  polished  symphony  is  but  an  empty 
echo  of  the  heavenly  music  he  heard  in  his  dream. 

30.  We  joyfully  confess  there  is  more  happiness  in  virtue  than 
in  vice,  in  culture  than  in  ignorance. 

31.  Man's  thoughts  outnumber  the  sands  and  his  hopes  exceed 
the  stars. 

32.  Is  the  wild  grape  nature,  or  is  nature  that  grape  after  it 
has  gone  up  into  the  Concord? 

33.  We  see  that  science  also  has  become  a  prophet  of  faith. 

34.  Learn  to  be  industrious  and  practice  economy. 

35.  I  believe  that  the  teachings  of  history  and  the  results  of 
every-day  observation  should  convince  us  that  we  shall  make  our 
most  enduring  progress  in  the  ownership  of  the  soil. 

36.  Six  thousand  young  men  and  women  have  been  graduated 
from  Tuskegee,  and  they  are  scattered  over  all  parts  of  the  South, 
laboring  for  the  elevation  of  the  black  man. 

37.  A  business  man  would  be  bound  to  declare  that  we  are 
devoting  too  much  money  to  our  criminal  courts  and  too  little  to 
our  schools. 

38.  The  nineteenth  century  has  been  a  home-making  century, 
because  it  has  been  the  century  of  the  spelling-book  and  the  open 
Bible. 

39.  If  we  are  not  doing  the  works  of  the  Master,  we  have  little 
reason  for  calling  ourselves  Christians. 

40.  It  is  not  a  heresy  to  the  rising  thought  of  the  age  to  see  in 
Lincoln  a  type  of  greatness  superior  to  that  of  Washington. 

41.  Thou  shalt  know  erelong  what  'tis  to  suffer  and  be  strong. 

42.  The  quality  of  mercy  is  not  strained;  it  droppeth  as  the 
gentle  rain  from  heaven  upon  the  place  beneath. 

43.  It  blesseth  him  that  gives  and  him  that  takes. 


104  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

44.  An  earthly  power  doth  then  show  like  God's  when  mercy 
seasons  justice. 

45.  Great  men  are  they  who  see  that  spiritual  is  stronger  than 
material  force. 

46.  The  mountain  and  the  squirrel  had  a  quarrel,  and  the 
former  called  the  latter  "Little  Prig." 

47.  Every  ship  that  comes  to  America  received  its  chart  from 
Columbus. 

48.  He  who  aims  high  must  dread  an  easy  home  and  popular 
manners. 

49.  Every  carpenter  who  shaves  with  a  plane  borrows  the 
genius  of  a  forgotten  inventor. 

50.  Nature  is  loved  by  what  is  best  in  us. 

215.   A  SIMPLE  SENTENCE  is  a  sentence 
P  containing  but  one  statement;  that  is, 

one  subject  and  one  predicate:  The  boy  bats  the  ball. 

A  COMPLEX  SENTENCE  is  a  sentence  containing  one 
independent  (principal)  and  one  or  more  dependent  (sub- 
ordinate) statements:  We  hastened  home  |  when  the 
clouds  began  to  gather. 

Note. — A  dependent  or  subordinate  statement  is  one  that 
qualifies  or  limits  another  in  some  way;  thus  the  dependent  state- 
ment, ivJieji  the  clouds  began  to  gather,  limits  the  verb  hastened^ 
telling  when  we  hastened. 

A  COMPOUND  SENTENCE  is  a  Sentence  containing  two  or 

more  independent  statements:  It  rains,  and  the  wind  is 

never  weary. 

Note. — An  independent  statement  is  one  that  can  stand  alone; 
it  does  not  depend  upon  (qualify  or  limit)  another  statement. 

The  separate   statements  in  a  compound   or  complex 

sentence  are  called  clauses,  and,  as  has  already  been 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  105 

seen,  they  may  be  either  independent  (princi;pal)  or 
DEPENDENT  {suhordiiiate). 

a.  Dependent  or  subordinate  clauses  are  named  from 
their  use  adjective  clauses:  A  man  who  is  lionoraUe  is 
respected;  adverbial  clauses:  We  go  in  v^lien  it  rains; 
or  SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES:  That  my  friend  has  lost  his 
watch  is  certainly  true. 

h.  The  independent  clause  of  a  complex  sentence  is 
called  the  principal  clause.  Any  clause  that  has 
another  dependent  upon  it  may  be  called  a  principal 
clause. 

c.  Connected  clauses  that  are  of  the  same  rank,  both 
independent  or  both  dependent,  are  said  to  be  co-ordinate. 

216.  A   SHORT    SCHEME   OF   PARSING. 

Noun. — Case  and  reason  for  it. 

Pronoun. — Personal.     Case  and  reason  for  it. 

Relative.     Case  and  reason  for  it.     Give  antecedent. 
Interrogative.     Case  and  reason  for  it. 
Demonstrative.     Describes  what  noun  or  pronoun. 

Adjective  or  Adverb. — Describes  what  word,  phrase,  or 
clause.  If  other  than  positive  degree,  give  the 
degree  of  its  comparison. 

Preposition. — Governs  what  noun  or  pronoun. 

Conjunction. — Joins  what  word,  phrase,  or  clause. 

Verb. — Regular  or  irregular.  If  irregular,  give  the  prin- 
cipal parts.  Transitive  or  intransitive.  Tense,  mode, 
voice,  person,  number,  and  agrees  with  its  subject 


106  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

according  to  the  rule:  A  verb  must  agree  with  its 
subject  in  person  and  number. 
(It  must  be  remembered  that  participles  and  infinitives 
do  not  have  subjects  or  person  and  number.) 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

217.     COMMON  EEKOES  IN"  ENGLISH. 
Common 

Errors  compiled  from  reports  sent  by  schools. 

Misuse  :  Lay  for  lie ;  laid  for  lay ;  set  for  sit ; 
bring  for  take;  lend  for  borrow;  am  for  are; 
and  vice  versa.  Ain't  I  ?  I  are  sick.  Shall  and  will  (shall 
is  rarely  used  incorrectly) ;  hurt  for  wrong ;  was  for  were — 
If  I  was  you;  has  went  for  has  gone;  have  been  for 
went — I  have  been  to  the  city  yesterday;  I  ain't  got  no 
pen;  have  got  for  have;  I  hadn't  ought  for  I  ought  not; 
are  took  for  are  taken ;  learn  for  teach ;  is  for  has ;  can  for 
may,  in  asking  permission. 

Tense  :  Done  for  did;  eat  for  ate;  run  for  ran ;  seen  for 
saw;  have  saw  for  have  seen;  says  for  said — I  says;  have 
broke  for  have  broken;  froze  for  frozen;  rang  for  rung — 
Has  the  bell  rang^. 

Number:  Singular  for  plural,  and  vice  versa.  Was  you? 
for,  Were  you?  Non-agreement  of  verb  with  subject:  (a) 
When  verb  is  separated  from  subject  by  an  adjective 
phrase — Every  one  of  the  boys  are  here;  (b)  when  subject 
is  modified  by  a  noun  used  as  an  adjective — Our  two 
weeks'  vacation  are  over. 

By  for  to — I  went  by  my  aunt's ;  to  and  by 
Prepositions  ^^^  ^^_j  b^^gj^^  ^^  hj  (to)  the  market;  to 

107 


108  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

for  into;  on  for  from  or  of — He  won  six  games  on  me;  of 
for  with — What's  the  matter  of  you  ?  in  back  of  for  be- 
hind— She  sits  in  hack  of  me;  use  of  and  for  to — I  shall 
come  and  see  you,  for,  I  shall  come  to  see  you. 

Don't  for  doesn't — Don't  this  please  you? 
Contractions  ^.^,^  ^^^  .^^,^.  ,^^.j^,^  ^^^  -^  .^  ^^^ 

Case:  Us  for  we,  and  vice  versa]  me  for  I,  and 
^  vice  versa — He  gave  to  Amy  and  /;  he  for 
him,  and  vice  versa — I  want  you  and  he;  that  is  him; 
(objective  for  predicate  nominative;)  who  for  whom,  and 
vice  versa —  Who  did  you  speak  to  ?  It  was  whom  /  The 
man  who  I  met.    If  I  was  her,  for.  If  I  were  she. 

Order:    I,  Harry,  and  you,  for.  You,  Harry,  and  I. 

Misuse:  What  for  who,  that,  or  which — The  man  what 
I  saw,  etc.;  them  for  those — Them  roses  are  beauties; 
hisself  for  himself;  hern,  hisn,  etc.,  for  hers,  his,  theirs. 

Pronoun  following  a  noun — Gen.  Ross,  he. 

Number:  Use  of  plural  for  singular  antecedents — 
Everybody  were  there;  one  of  the  causes  were;  non-agree- 
ment with  noun — These  sort  of  men;   those  kind  of  apples. 

No  for  any — He  hasnt  got  no  more;  use  of 
Adjectives  g^(^JQ(.|3iygs  instead  of  adverb — He  writes  good, 
for.  He  writes  well;  she  can  sew  as  good  (well)  as  Mary. 
Comparison:  Use  of  superlative  instead  of  comparative 
degree — Mary  is  the  tallest  of  the  two;  a  more  milder 
climate. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  109 

Adjective  instead  of  adverb,  and  vice  versa: 
She  wrote  heaittiful;  it  looks  nicely. 
Adverbs  used  after  pronouns  superfluously:   That  there 
man;  this  here  boy. 

A  used  before  a  noun  beginning  with  a  vowel: 
I  have  a  old  book,  etc. 


Double  Negative 
Pronunciation 


I  didn't  have  no  time.  I  never  learned 
nothing. 


Th:    Dis  for  this,  dat  for  that,  tink 
for  think,  wit   for  with,  de  for  the, 
tought  for  thought. 

Wh:  Wen  for  when,  wite  for  white,  wich  for  which, 
wip  for  whip. 

Acrosst  for  across,  onct  for  once,  git  for  get,  bust  for 
burst,  fond  for  found,  ketch  for  catch,  hull  for  whole,  bring 
for  brought,  trun  and  thrun  for  threw;  toward,  sword; 
dropping  of  g  at  end  of  word ;  as,  ridin',  etc. 

Their,  there,  they're;    two,  too,  to;    reign. 
Homonyms      ...  -,  .  ,  i 

•^         rem,  ram;  piece  and  peace ;  here  and  hear; 

are  for  our;  no,  know;  so,  sew;  new,  knew;  pail,  pale; 

mail,  male;  sail,  sale;  veil,  vale;  bear,  bare;  steak,  stake. 

S  added  to  form  plural  of  nouns  like  deer,  sheep,  etc. 

Use  of  many  small  sentences  instead  of  using  relative 
pronoun  and  clauses. 


110  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

It  is  only  a  little  ways  for  a  short  distance; 

misuse  01       ^^^^  nice  for  very  or  rather  nice;  between 

^  .  'many  men  for  among,  etc.;  just  like  for  as 

-J.  ,        — He  works  just  like  I  do;  where  do  you 

Idioms,  etc.  "^ 

live  at?   like  for  as  if  or  as  though^He 

jumped  like  he  was  shot;  a  whole  lot  for  a  great  many; 
dassent;  1  am  going  for  to  get  it;  all  the  time  for  always 
— He  is  all  the  time  talking;  it  stands  in  the  paper;  use 
of  would  in  clauses  commencing  with  if  instead  of  had — 
If  he  would  have  hurried. 

Showing  Words  Most  Frequently  Mis- 
^  ^  SPELLED :  Ancient,  answer,  always,  appearance, 
break,  business,  belief,  beginning,  building,  banana,  com- 
merce, commence,  course,  coarse,  council,  counsel,  conso- 
nant, collecting,  coming,  circle,  cousin,  celery,  children,  does, 
declarative,  deceive,  every,  friend,  goes,  grammar,  guess, 
group,  government,  governor,  glacier,  hottest,  huge,  hit- 
ting, hundred,  height,  innocent,  imperative,  island,  imagine, 
just,  jest,  kerosene,  knife,  knives,  ladies,  length,  hbrary, 
many,  martial,  modifies,  mayor,  manufacture,  moi&ture, 
neither,  oyster,  onion,  principal,  principle,  possession, 
pieces,  piano,  president,  particles,  plural,  particular,  receive, 
receipt,  republic,  said,  separate,  since,  source,  stopped, 
sign,  shears,  scissors,  singular,  syllable,  swords,  several, 
till,  thought,  though,  through,  thoroughly,  threw,  until, 
universal,  uncle,  united,  very,  vapor,  violence,  which, 
whether,  world,  wholly,  whole,  wheat,  where,  wear,  yield. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

APPENDIX— PKACTICE   WOEK. 
218.  Nouisrs. 

1.  Courtesy  compels  a  return  of  courtesy. 

2.  Suppress  your  own  temptations  to  complaint  and  fau4t- 
finding. 

3.  The  Ainu  women  in  Japan  tatoo  their  faces. 

4.  We  hear  much  about  borrowing  trouble,  but  who  lends  it? 

5.  An  uncontrolled  voice  is  always  rude  and  the  exhibition  of 
temper  an  unpardonable  discourtesy. 

6.  Princess  Charles  of  Denmark  is  King  Edward^s  youngest 
daughter. 

7.  The  reading  of  Milton  will  cultivate  a  fine  taste. 

8.  The  brilliancy  of  cut  glass  attracts  the  housekeeper. 

9.  Regard  quarreling  as  the  height  of  vulgarity. 

10.  The  southeastern  part  of  Spain  is  a  desert. 

11.  Valencia  exports  twenty  million  oranges  annually. 

12.  Marseilles  is  the  greatest  coffee  port  of  Europe. 

13.  A  fleet  of  Japanese  ships  hovers  near  the  shores  of  Corea. 

14.  The  Sunday-school  Union  gives  an  annual  reception  at  the 
Auditorium  in  May. 

15.  The  Association  of  Drivers  has  declared  a  strike. 

16.  The  growing  of  a  coarse  grass  for  the  manufacture  of  paper 
is  carried  on  in  Spain. 

17.  Flocks  of  sheep  are  driven  from  north  to  south  at  different 
seasons. 

18.  Apart  from  love  itself  there  is  no  greater  helper  in  pro- 
ducing harmony  in  the  household  than  the  observance  of  the 
rules  of  good  breeding. 

Ill 


112  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

19.  A  great  struggle  for  the  mastery  of  the  world  may  at  some 
time  come  between  Russia  and  the  English-speaking  nations. 

20.  Four  hundred  million  dollars'  worth  of  gold  has  been  taken 
from  the  mines  of  Montana. 


219.  ADJECTIVES. 

1.  The  rough  gale  swept  over  the  village. 

2.  The  shattered  intellect  of  the  financier  caused  enormous 
loss  in  business  circles. 

3.  Few  people  realize  how  narrow-minded  they  are. 

4.  The  dingy  brown  cottage  was  the  home  of  the  vigorous 
Norwegian  peasant. 

5.  The  eminent  preacher  delivered  an  eloquent  sermon. 

6.  Those  crabbed,  exacting  persons  rarely  utter  a  pleasant 
word. 

7.  ThatTiind  of  talk  is  beneath  you. 

8.  Indian  curios  are  prized  by  European  antiquarians. 

9.  Each  furnace  is  filled  with  ten  tons  of  iron  ore. 

10.  Seven  acres  of  the  finest  yellow  cedar  are  beyond  that 
swamp. 

11.  The  first  President  was  gentle,  vigorous,  brave,  and  good. 

12.  They  bought  fourteen  head  of  cattle. 

13.  The  wisest  philosopher  of  Greece  was  the  most  unpopular. 

14.  The  printers  had  made  several  mistakes  in  arranging  the 
indexes. 

15.  All  kinds  of  fish  may  be  seen  in  the  government  aquaria. 

16.  This  road  is  straighter  than  the  other. 

17.  Youth  is  often  more  beautiful  than  wise. 

18.  It  required  fifteen  shots  to  kill  the  eagle. 

19.  This  one  page  may  be  arranged  for  newspaper  clippings. 

20.  Japanese  embroideries  are  almost  always  worked  flat,  with 
long  diagonal  stitches. 

21.  The.  most  fashionable  and  effective  are  done  in  several 
colors. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  113 

22.  Wide  and  various  are  the  uses  of   these  Japanese  em- 
broideries. 

23.  This  speaker  gave  a  plain  statement  of  those  facts. 

24.  Great  bodily  fatigue  is  the  result  of  bad  air. 

25.  The  best  thing  to  do  is  not  always  the  most  agreeable. 

220.  VERBAL   ADJECTIVES. 

1.  The  conference  to  be  held  in  St.  Louis  is  of  great  impor- 
tance. 

2.  The  crowd  remaining  in  the  street  was  quiet  and  orderly. 

3.  The  Monitor,  tied  up  at  the  foot  of  Olive  Street,  attracted 
crowds  of  visitors. 

4.  The  joint  committee  appointed  by  the  President  met  to-day. 

5.  The  first  man  to  see  the  possibilities  in  an  ocean  cable  was 
Cyrus  W.  Field. 

6.  Stars  supposed  to  be  new  have  from  time  to  time  blazdd 
out  of  the  heavens. 

7.  News  interesting  to  all  was  then  heard. 

8.  Others  appease  their  restlessness  as  traveling  salesmen. 

9.  The  Liberal  Arts   Building,  to  be  the  scene  of  imposing 
ceremonies,  was  opened  to  day. 

10.  All  laws  prohibiting  the  obstruction  of  mails  give  mail 
trains  the  right  of  way. 

221.  VERB. 

1.  The  last  social  season  at  the  White  House  was  extremely 
brilliant. 

2.  Spain  was  originally  a  high  plateau. 

3.  Mr.  Theodore  Roosevelt  is  the  most  versatile  and  democratic 
of  Presidents. 

4.  The  wheat  of  India  interferes  with  the  sale  of  the  American 
product. 

5.  The  mistake  was  quite  natural. 

6.  Prince  Henry,  of  Portugal,  was  an  eminent  navigator. 

7.  The  man  dashed  the  water  on  the  burning  building. 


114  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

8.  Every  flower  in  the  bouquet  is  perfect. 

9.  The  Boers  are  a  sturdy  people. 

10.  The  character  and  ability  of  the  members  of  the  Philippine 
Commission  justify  our  acceptance  of  their  report. 

11.  A  large  quantity  of  butter  is  made  in  Vermont. 

12.  Animal  fats  are  often  impure. 

13.  Milton  wrote  "Paradise  Lost." 

14.  A  life  of  Lincoln  was  written  by  his  private  secretary. 

15.  Baron  Von  Ketteler  was  assassinated  in  Pekin. 

16.  The  old  oaken  bucket  is  picturesque  but  undesirable. 

17.  Alphonso  of  Spain  was  succeeded  by  his  infant  son. 

18.  The  little  child  seems  very  happy. 

19.  A  brave  act  was  performed  by  Sergeant  Jasper  at  Fort 
Moultrie. 

20.  The  natives  of  the  Hebrides  islands  were  transformed  from 
a  state  of  cannibalism  to  peaceful  farmers  by  the  influence  of 
John  Paton. 

21.  His  voice  was  tense. 

22.  The  coffee  tree  was  transplanted  from  its  native  home, 
Java,  to  Brazil. 

23.  The  cinchona  has  been  transplanted  from  South  America 
to  Java. 

24.  The  man's  nature  has  become  soured. 

25.  He  often  appears  very  sad. 

222.  PRONOUNS. 

1.  I  know  that  it  was  (her,  she). 

2.  I  know  it  to  have  been  (her,  she). 

3.  You  thought  it  was  (he,  him). 

4.  You  thought  it  was  to  be  (he,  him). 

5.  (Who,  whom)  did  you  see? 

6.  Was  it  (he,  him)  or  (her,  she)? 

7.  I  know  (whom,  who)  it  is  for. 

8.  They  knew  (whom,  who)  it  was. 

9.  I  took  it  to  be  (he,  him). 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  115 

10.  We  were  sure  that  it  was  (her,  she). 

11.  Do  you  suppose  it  to  be  (them,  they)? 

12.  Do  you  suppose  that  it  is  (them,  they)? 

13.  John  or  James  will  favor  us  with company. 

14.  Each  day  and  each  hour  brings changes. 

15.  No  thought,   no  word,  no  action,  can   escape  judgment 
whether be  good  or  evil. 

16.  Let  every  man  and  every  woman  do best. 

17.  A  parent's  care  for children  is  not  always  rewarded. 

18.  Every  person  and  every  thing  was  in proper  place. 

19.  It  is and  not whom  you  wish  to  see. 

20.  A  tree  is  known  by fruit. 

21.  All  that  a  man  hath  will give  for life. 

22.  Neither  he  nor  they  trouble . 

23.  Those seek  wisdom  will  certainly  find  her. 

24.  It  is  the  best  situation can  be  obtained  by . 


25.  The  lady  and   the  lap-dog  we  saw  at  the  window 

have  disappeared. 

223.  ADVERBS. 

1.  He  writes  badly  now,  then  he  wrote  well. 

2.  He  is  much  farther  along  than  she  thought. 

3.  Sound  moves  rapidly,  but  light  travels  faster. 

4.  He  is  slowly  but  steadily  gaining  ground. 

5.  He  seldom  truly  calculates  his  liabilities. 

6.  He  certainly  has  written  enough  now. 

7.  He  simply  but  politely  refused  to  speak  spitefully  of  the 
proceedings. 

8.  The  weather  is  less  severe  on  the  Pacific  coast  than  on  the 
Atlantic. 

9.  He  is  often  improperly  quoted. 

10.  Once  he  was  angrily  rebuffed. 

11.  How  could  you  ever  do  it? 

12.  The  women  formerly  wore  hoop-skirts. 

13.  The  proceedings  were  formally  conducted.* 


116  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

14.  Here  he  was  gladly  received,  there  he  was  unkindly  repulsed. 

15.  Somehow  the  soldier  was  quickly  overcome. 

16.  The  officials  receive  courtesies  only. 

17.  Only  the  officials  receive  courtesies. 

18.  Yonder  is  the  man  who  is  abundantly  able  to  correct  the 
evil. 

19.  He  was  very  nearly  killed. 

20.  You  are  not  so  tall  as  I. 

21.  Can  you  tell  me  where  they  went? 

22.  How  slowly  he  read. 

23.  Now  and  then  he  went  into  the  city. 

24.  They  greeted  us  very  cordially. 

25.  The  house  is  much  too  large. 

26.  He  preferred  not  to  sing. 

27.  The  bridge  has  not  been  condemned  yet. 

28.  I  have  never  said  anything  of  the  kind. 

29.  I  not  only  never  said  so,  but  I  never  thought  so. 

30.  Be  he  ever  so  wise. 

31.  I  can  go  no  farther  in  this  direction  till  I  have  further 
instructions. 

32.  It  is  almost  done. 

224.  PREPOSITIONS. 

1.  The  ship  from  Glasgow  was  wrecked  some  time  during  the 
month. 

2.  The  boy  at  the  bow  saw  the  crocodile  rising  out  of  the  river. 

3.  India  is  the  home  of  various  kinds  of  wild  animals. 

4.  In  the  Himalaya  Mountains  many  severe  avalanches  occur. 

5.  Tigers  roam  through  the  jungles. 

6.  Above  his  head  rose  the  snow-capped  peaks. 

7.  The  boys  quarreled  about  their  game. 

8.  Behind  any  success  much  steady  work  existed. 

9.  He  waited  before  the  door  for  two  hours. 

10.  The  garden  was  fragrant  with  the  odor  of  sweet  violets. 

11,  He  left  the  city  within  two  days  of  his  release. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  117 

12.  His  sister  lives  across  the  sea. 

13.  Withoiit  daily  toil  no  one  can  hope  for  success. 

14.  The  soldiers  marched  from  place  to  place. 

15.  Unto  thee  I  turn  in  this  dark  hour. 

16.  Down  the  stream  floated  the  canoe  of  Marquette,  freighted 
big  with  destiny. 

17.  Victor  Hugo  declared  that  he  should  live  beyond  the  grave. 

18.  He  walked  around  the  room. 

19.  After  the  storm  the  trees  and  flowers  appeared  more  beauti- 
ful than  ever. 

20.  The  clouds  concealed  the  bright  sun  beneath  their  soft  folds. 

21.  The  river  rushed  down  between  the  hills  on  its  way  to  the 
sea. 

22.  Our  little  boat  struggled  against  the  tide. 

23.  Opposite  the  house  was  the  historical  elm. 


225.  ANALYSIS  OF  SENTENCES. 

1.  To  him  who  in  the  love  of  nature  holds  communion  with 
her  visible  forms,  she  speaks  a  various  language. 

2.  All  that  tread  the  globe  are  but  a  handful  to  the  tribes  that 
slumber  in  her  bosom. 

3.  Modesty  is  one  of  the  sweetest  and  most  desirable  qual- 
ities one  can  possess,  and  yet  too  much  modesty  hinders  advance- 
ment. 

4.  The  English  Bible  was  popular,  in  its  broadest  sense,  long 
before  it  was  recognized  as  one  of  our  noblest  English  classics. 

5.  The  famous  North  Sea  island  of  Heligoland,  which  is  little 
more  than  a  mile  long,  is  slipping  away  from  Germany. 

6.  The  cause  is  geological,  however,  instead  of  political. 

7.  The  forests  of  Nicaragua  are  found  to  contain  three  hun- 
dred distinct  varieties  of  trees. 

8.  The  temper  of  the  mind  in  which  we  meet  the  hundred 
and  one  tiny  circumstances  of  every  hour  determines  our  happi- 
ness far  more  than  what  those  circumstances  are. 


118  PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH. 

9.  So  live,  that  when  thy  summons  comes  to  join 
The  innumerable  caravan  which  moves 
To  that  mysterious  realm  where  each  shall  take 
His  chamber  in  the  silent  halls  of  death, 
Thou  go  not,  like  the  quarry-slave  at  night. 
Scourged  to  his  dungeon,  but  sustained  and  soothed 
By  an  unfaltering  trust,  approach  thy  grave 
Like  one  that  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

10.  Let  us  devote  ourselves  anew  to  the  service  of  good  will. 

11.  We  are  not  sent  into  this  world  to  do  anything  into  which 
we  cannot  put  our  hearts. 

12.  Shine  martial  Faith,  and  Courtesy's  bright  star, 
Through  all  the  wreckful  storms  that  cloud  the  brow  of  War. 

13.  It  takes  a  hot  fire  to  purify  gold.  ' 

14.  That  man  is  very  poor  who  can  put  all  his  possessions  in 
an  iron  safe. 

15.  Love  is  very  inventive  in  its  service  for  others,  and  it  will 
surely  overcome  all  difficulties. 

16.  Nearly  all  the  Chinamen  in  the  United  States  come  from  a 
single  province  of  China,  whose  capital  is  Canton. 

17.  It  is  not  so  much  what  we  put  in  our  pockets  as  what  we 
take  out  that  makes  us  rich. 

18.  Charcoal  making  is  a  forest  industry  which  employs  not  a 
little  capital  and  a  great  many  workmen. 

19.  Another  world!  another  life!  we  cry,  yet  squander  teeming 
treasures  as  we  sigh. 

20.  No  man  is  quite  godless  who  has  a  sense  of  honor. 

21.  When  the  Constitution  was  framed  it  was  the  first  written 
Constitution  establishing  popular  representative  government. 

22.  He  sang  of  hope,  when  hope  was  low  within  his  own  poor, 
tired  heart. 

23.  There  is  still  opportunity  for  heroism  in  the  world,  and 
there  are  still  men  willing  and  able  to  perform  it. 

21.  The  anthracite  coal  supply  of  the  United  States  would  last, 
at  the  present  rate  of  consumption,  for  three  hundred  years. 


PROGRESSIVE  STUDIES  IN  ENGLISH.  119 

25.  Ocean  cables  are  now  so  common  that  the  public  forgets 
how  much  they  do  to  keep  the  countries  of  the  world  in  touch 
with  one  another. 

26.  An  earnest  effort  is  now  being  made  to  save  and  to  restore 
the  fast-disappearing  forests  of  the  United  States  by  spreading 
scientific  ideas  and  information  through  educational  centers. 

27.  Every  man  owes  it  to  society  not  only  to  earn  bread,  but  to 
be  an  intelligent  citizen  with  ideas  on  life  and  knowledge  of 
affairs. 

28.  Reports  from  the  colleges  last  year  showed  that  women 
students  and  graduates  enjoyed  better  health  than  their  sisters 
without  college  training. 

29.  San  Francisco  is  to-day  getting  electrical  power  made  two 
hundred  miles  away. 

30.  A  cheery  laugh  goes  a  long  way  in  this  world,  said  the 
father. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUJt,  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN     INITIAL    FINE     OF     25     CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.00  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


m^  sit^ 


DEC    5    1932 


LD  21-50m-8,'32 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  LIBRARY 


